Liebert M, Seigne J
Department of Urology, University of Texas MD, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
Semin Urol Oncol. 1996 May;14(2):62-72.
Changes in gene expression permit the emergence of clones of cancer cells with biological properties that enable invasion and metastasis. We present in this article an overview of the variety of genetic and antigenic markers that have been reported for invasive bladder cancer. Although the prognostic and diagnostic usefulness of many of these markers in invasive bladder cancer remains to be fully evaluated, this review will serve as a resource for the clinician on the current state of the field. Alterations in the biology and genetics of cells no doubt contribute to the processes of invasion and metastasis and are likely to provide important, useful information for future identification and management of the patient with invasive bladder cancer.
基因表达的变化使得具有侵袭和转移生物学特性的癌细胞克隆得以出现。在本文中，我们概述了已报道的侵袭性膀胱癌的各种遗传和抗原标志物。尽管这些标志物中的许多在侵袭性膀胱癌中的预后和诊断价值仍有待充分评估，但本综述将为临床医生提供该领域当前状况的参考资料。细胞生物学和遗传学的改变无疑促成了侵袭和转移过程，并且可能为未来侵袭性膀胱癌患者的识别和管理提供重要且有用的信息。
