O'Brien B S, Frick P J
Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 35487, USA.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1996 Apr;24(2):223-40. doi: 10.1007/BF01441486.
The associations between children's behavior and their performance on a task with a steadily increasing ratio of punished to rewarded responses was investigated in a group of clinic-referred (n = 92) and normal control (n = 40) children between the ages of 6 and 13. Clinic-referred children with an anxiety disorder played significantly fewer trials than clinic-referred children without an anxiety disorder but the response style of the anxious children did not differ from that of a normal control group. Children with severe conduct problems who had no anxiety disorder played more trials than (a) children with severe conduct problems and a comorbid anxiety disorder, (b) nonanxious children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and (c) children in the normal control group. The strongest evidence for the reward dominant response style was for nonanxious subjects with elevations on a measure of psychopathic features, irrespective of whether they also had conduct problems and irrespective of whether they were clinic-referred.
在一组年龄在6至13岁的临床转诊儿童（n = 92）和正常对照组儿童（n = 40）中，研究了儿童行为与他们在一项任务中的表现之间的关联，该任务中受惩罚与受奖励反应的比例稳步增加。患有焦虑症的临床转诊儿童比没有焦虑症的临床转诊儿童参与的试验显著更少，但焦虑儿童的反应方式与正常对照组儿童并无差异。没有焦虑症的严重品行问题儿童比（a）患有严重品行问题且合并焦虑症的儿童、（b）患有注意力缺陷多动障碍的非焦虑儿童以及（c）正常对照组儿童参与的试验更多。对于奖励主导反应方式的最有力证据是，在精神病态特征测量中有升高表现的非焦虑受试者，无论他们是否也有品行问题，也无论他们是否是临床转诊的。
