Staub E
Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA.
Am Psychol. 1996 Feb;51(2):117-32. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.51.2.117.
Widespread violence in a society must have its origins in cultural characteristics, current societal conditions, or both. In this article, the cultural, societal, and psychological origins of two very different forms of violence are examined. A conception of the origins of genocide and mass killing is briefly presented, with the Holocaust and the violence in the former Yugoslavia as supporting evidence. Difficult life conditions give rise to scapegoating, destructive ideologies, and the evolution of increasing violence against a designated enemy. Cultural characteristics that make this process more or less probable are described. This is followed by a presentation of the socialization experiences of children that generate youth violence. To explain the increase in youth violence, the presence of difficult life conditions in the United States is noted (due primarily to substantial social change). The effects of difficult life conditions, cultural characteristics, and social conditions such as poverty and discrimination against minority groups on family life and parenting are described. Similarities and differences in the origins of the two forms of violence are examined. The role of unfulfilled or frustrated basic human needs in generating violence is stressed, and conditions and actions required to reduce violence are proposed.
一个社会中普遍存在的暴力现象必定源于文化特征、当前的社会状况，或者两者兼而有之。在本文中，我们将探讨两种截然不同形式的暴力在文化、社会和心理层面的根源。简要阐述了种族灭绝和大规模杀戮的起源概念，并以大屠杀和前南斯拉夫的暴力事件作为佐证。艰难的生活条件会引发替罪羊现象、破坏性意识形态以及针对特定敌人的暴力行为不断升级。文中描述了使这一过程或多或少成为可能的文化特征。接下来介绍了导致青少年暴力的儿童社会化经历。为了解释青少年暴力事件的增加，文中提到了美国存在艰难的生活条件（主要归因于重大的社会变革）。描述了艰难的生活条件、文化特征以及贫困和对少数群体的歧视等社会状况对家庭生活和养育子女的影响。研究了这两种暴力形式起源的异同。强调了未得到满足或受挫的基本人类需求在引发暴力方面的作用，并提出了减少暴力所需的条件和行动。
