Nutrition. 1995 Sep-Oct;11(5):409-17.
The National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Optimal Calcium Intake brought together experts from many different fields including osteoporosis and bone and dental health, nursing, dietetics, epidemiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, nephrology, rheumatology, oncology, hypertension, nutrition and public education, and biostatistics, as well as the public, to address the following questions: 1) What is the optimal amount of calcium intake? 2) What are the important cofactors for achieving optimal calcium intake? 3) What are the risks associated with increased levels of calcium intake? 4) What are the best ways to attain optimal calcium intake? 5) What public health strategies are available and needed to implement optimal calcium intake recommendations? and 6) What are the recommendations for future research on calcium intake? The consensus panel concluded that: A large percentage of Americans fail to meet currently recommended guidelines for optimal calcium intake. On the basis of the most current information available, optimal calcium intake is estimated to be 400 mg/day (birth-6 months) to 600 mg/day (6-12 months) in infants; 800 mg/day in young children (1-5 years) and 800-1,200 mg/day for older children (6-10 years); 1,200-1,500 mg/day for adolescents and young adults (11-24 years); 1,000 mg/day for women between 25 and 50 years; 1,200-1,500 mg/day for pregnant or lactating women; and 1,000 mg/day for postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy and 1,500 mg/day for postmenopausal women not on estrogen therapy. Recommended daily intake for men is 1,000 mg/day (25-65 years). For all women and men over 65, daily intake is recommended to be 1,500 mg/day, although further research is needed for this age group. These guidelines are based on calcium from the diet plus any calcium taken in supplemental form. Adequate vitamin D is essential for optimal calcium absorption. Dietary constituents, hormones, drugs, age, and genetic factors influence the amount of calcium required for optimal skeletal health. Calcium intake, up to a total intake of 2,000 mg/day, appears to be safe in most individuals. The preferred source of calcium is through calcium-rich foods such as dairy products. Calcium-fortified foods and calcium supplements are other means by which optimal calcium intake can be reached in those who cannot meet this need by ingesting conventional foods. A unified public health strategy is needed to ensure optimal calcium intake in the American population.
美国国立卫生研究院最佳钙摄入量共识发展会议汇聚了来自骨质疏松症、骨骼与牙齿健康、护理、营养学、流行病学、内分泌学、胃肠病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、肿瘤学、高血压、营养与公众教育以及生物统计学等众多不同领域的专家，还有公众，以探讨以下问题：1）最佳钙摄入量是多少？2）实现最佳钙摄入量的重要辅助因素有哪些？3）钙摄入量增加会带来哪些风险？4）实现最佳钙摄入量的最佳方法是什么？5）有哪些可用且必要的公共卫生策略来实施最佳钙摄入量建议？6）关于钙摄入量的未来研究有哪些建议？共识小组得出结论：很大一部分美国人未达到目前推荐的最佳钙摄入量指南。根据现有最新信息，估计婴儿的最佳钙摄入量为400毫克/天（出生至6个月）至600毫克/天（6至12个月）；幼儿（1至5岁）为800毫克/天，大龄儿童（6至10岁）为800 - 1200毫克/天；青少年和青年成年人（11至24岁）为1200 - 1500毫克/天；25至50岁女性为1000毫克/天；孕妇或哺乳期妇女为1200 - 1500毫克/天；接受雌激素替代疗法的绝经后妇女为1000毫克/天，未接受雌激素疗法的绝经后妇女为1500毫克/天。男性的推荐每日摄入量为1000毫克/天（25至65岁）。对于所有65岁以上的女性和男性，建议每日摄入量为1500毫克/天，不过这个年龄组还需要进一步研究。这些指南基于饮食中的钙加上以补充剂形式摄入的任何钙。充足的维生素D对于最佳钙吸收至关重要。饮食成分、激素、药物、年龄和遗传因素会影响骨骼健康所需的钙量。在大多数个体中，钙摄入量达到每日总摄入量2000毫克似乎是安全的。钙的首选来源是富含钙的食物，如乳制品。对于那些无法通过食用传统食物满足这一需求的人来说，钙强化食品和钙补充剂是实现最佳钙摄入量的其他途径。需要一项统一的公共卫生策略来确保美国人群获得最佳钙摄入量。
