Adjunctive treatments in schizophrenia: pharmacotherapies and electroconvulsive therapy.

Substantial proportions of patients with schizophrenia do not achieve acceptable levels of response with antipsychotic therapy alone, which commonly leads clinicians to use additional somatic interventions. This article reviews the literature on the use of adjunctive pharmacological treatments and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in schizophrenia. The authors find that, despite a large volume of literature, it is difficult to draw conclusions or treatment recommendations from available data because of small sample sizes and widely divergent study designs. At present, there is little firm evidence that adding adjunctive agents to standard neuroleptics will dramatically change the somatic treatment of schizophrenia. The most promising adjunctive agents are benzodiazepines, lithium, and carbamazepine, as well as antidepressants and ECT for affective symptoms. Future inpatient research on adjunctive treatments should be multicenter studies, followed by long-term outpatient trials that assess quality-of-life issues as well as symptom relief.