Hayasaka K, Fujii K, Horai S
Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.
Mol Biol Evol. 1996 Sep;13(7):1044-53. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025655.
We determined the nucleotide sequences of an 896-base pair region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 20 primates representing 13 species of macaques, a baboon, and a patas. We compared these sequences and the homologous sequences from four macaques and a human against each other and deduced the phylogenetic relationships of macaques. The results from the phylogenetic analyses revealed five groups among the macaques: (1) Barbary macaque, (2) two species of Sulawesi macaques, (3) Japanese, rhesus, Taiwanese, crab-eating, and stump-tailed macaques, (4) toque, pig-tailed, and lion-tailed macaques, and (5) Assamese and bonnet macaques. The phylogenetic position of Tibetan macaque remains ambiguous as to whether it belongs to the fourth or fifth group. Phylogenetic trees revealed that Barbary macaque diverged first from the other Asian macaques. Subsequently, the four groups of Asian macaques diverged from one another in a relatively short period of time. Within each group, most of the species diverged in a relatively short period of time following the divergence of the groups. Assuming that the Asian macaques diverged from the outgroup Barbary macaque three million years ago (MYA), the divergence times among groups of Asian macaques were estimated at 2.1-2.5 MYA and within groups at 1.4-2.2 MYA. The intraspecific nucleotide diversity observed among three rhesus macaques was so large that they did not form a monophyletic cluster in the phylogenetic trees. Instead, one of them formed a cluster with Japanese and Taiwanese macaques, whereas the other two formed a separate cluster. This implies that either polymorphisms of mtDNA sequences that existed before the divergence of these three species (ca. 700,000 years ago) have been retained in rhesus macaques or introgression has occurred among the three species.
我们测定了来自20只灵长类动物的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）896个碱基对区域的核苷酸序列，这些灵长类动物代表了13种猕猴、1只狒狒和1只赤猴。我们将这些序列与4只猕猴和1个人类的同源序列相互比较，并推断出猕猴的系统发育关系。系统发育分析结果显示，猕猴分为五组：（1）叟猴；（2）两种苏拉威西猕猴；（3）日本猕猴、恒河猴、台湾猕猴、食蟹猕猴和短尾猕猴；（4）帽缨猕猴、猪尾猕猴和狮尾猕猴；（5）藏酋猴和邦加猕猴。藏酋猴的系统发育位置仍不明确，它究竟属于第四组还是第五组尚不清楚。系统发育树显示，叟猴最先从其他亚洲猕猴中分化出来。随后，这四组亚洲猕猴在相对较短的时间内彼此分化。在每组中，大多数物种在该组分化后的相对较短时间内发生了分化。假设亚洲猕猴在300万年前（MYA）从外群叟猴中分化出来，那么亚洲猕猴各组之间的分化时间估计为210 - 250万年前，而组内分化时间为140 - 220万年前。在三只恒河猴中观察到的种内核苷酸多样性非常大，以至于它们在系统发育树中没有形成一个单系类群。相反，其中一只与日本猕猴和台湾猕猴形成了一个类群，而另外两只形成了一个单独的类群。这意味着要么在这三个物种分化之前（约70万年前）就存在的mtDNA序列多态性在恒河猴中得以保留，要么这三个物种之间发生了基因渗入。
