Carretta T R, Ree M J
Armstrong Laboratory, Human Resources Directorate, Brooks AFB, TX 78235-5352, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1996 Mar;67(3):279-83.
Selection of military pilots has long included the use of multiple aptitude test batteries. Although the names and appearances of the tests used in pilot selection vary, most are to a large extent measures of general cognitive ability, or g. This is consistent with the central role played by cognitive ability measures in the prediction of numerous job training (r = 0.43) and performance (r = 0.34) criteria. Measures of specific cognitive abilities (e.g., verbal, quantitative, spatial, perceptual speed) have shown little incremental validity beyond g (increase in correlation of about 0.02). The incremental validity, beyond g, of measures of pilot job knowledge (e.g., aviation concepts, instruments, principles and terms; increase in correlation beyond g of about 0.08), psychomotor abilities, and personality scores (increase in correlation beyond g between 0.02 and 0.04) also has been small, but significant. The unavoidable requirement to reason in responding to test material causes g to be measured. In broad-ability-range samples, the positive correlations of the measures demonstrate that general cognitive ability is always present as a higher-order factor. Future measures of pilot aptitude may include tests based on cognitive components, chronometric methods, neural conductive velocity, or other methods. These measures, despite their appearance, have been shown to mostly measure g. Subsequently, we expect that future U.S. Air Force pilot selection tests will mostly be measures of g and will, therefore, continue to be predictive of performance.
军事飞行员的选拔长期以来一直包括使用多种能力倾向测试组合。尽管用于飞行员选拔的测试名称和形式各不相同，但大多数在很大程度上都是对一般认知能力，即g因素的测量。这与认知能力测量在预测众多工作培训（r = 0.43）和工作表现（r = 0.34）标准中所起的核心作用是一致的。特定认知能力（如语言、数量、空间、知觉速度）的测量在g因素之外几乎没有显示出额外的效度（相关性增加约0.02）。飞行员工作知识（如航空概念、仪器、原理和术语；在g因素之外相关性增加约0.08）、心理运动能力和人格分数（在g因素之外相关性增加在0.02至0.04之间）的测量，其额外效度也很小，但很显著。在对测试材料做出反应时进行推理的必然要求导致了对g因素的测量。在能力范围广泛的样本中，这些测量之间的正相关表明，一般认知能力总是作为一个高阶因素存在。未来的飞行员能力倾向测量可能包括基于认知成分、计时方法、神经传导速度或其他方法的测试。尽管这些测量表面上有所不同，但已证明大多是对g因素的测量。因此，我们预计未来美国空军飞行员选拔测试大多将是对g因素的测量，因此将继续能够预测工作表现。
