Löwik M R
TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
Food Addit Contam. 1996 May-Jun;13(4):427-41. doi: 10.1080/02652039609374428.
Several methods can be and are being used to assess individual food consumption. Four types, namely 24-h recall, dietary records, food frequency and dietary history are discussed. For assessing the exposure to additives it is concluded that the dietary history method is probably the best choice since this method is oriented towards a quantification of habitual food consumption. Dietary records and 24-h recall can be used as long as their short-term nature is accounted for. High intake levels obtained by those methods are in a way a worst-case analysis, especially when the calculations are based on users only. Since children have, on average, a higher consumption per kg of body weight and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) are based on body weight, this group must be of special importance in risk assessment regarding additives. However, a relatively high intake among (young) children is an age effect and ADIs refer to lifetime exposure. Both food consumption and additive use in food products are changing over time, so that existing databases are prone to becoming outdated relatively fast. At the end of this paper an overview is given of existing databanks in the EU in relation to the estimation of exposure to additives.
有几种方法可以且正在被用于评估个人的食物摄入量。本文讨论了四种类型，即24小时回顾法、饮食记录法、食物频率法和饮食史法。对于评估添加剂的暴露情况，得出的结论是饮食史法可能是最佳选择，因为该方法旨在对习惯性食物摄入量进行量化。只要考虑到饮食记录法和24小时回顾法的短期性质，就可以使用它们。通过这些方法获得的高摄入量在某种程度上是一种最坏情况分析，尤其是当计算仅基于使用者时。由于儿童平均每公斤体重的摄入量较高，且每日允许摄入量（ADI）是基于体重计算的，因此在添加剂风险评估中，这一群体必定特别重要。然而，（年幼）儿童中相对较高的摄入量是一种年龄效应，而每日允许摄入量指的是终生暴露量。食品消费和食品中添加剂的使用都随时间而变化，因此现有数据库很容易相对较快地过时。本文末尾概述了欧盟现有的与添加剂暴露估计相关的数据库。
