Oswald W D, Rupprecht R, Gunzelmann T, Tritt K
Institute of Psychology II, University Erlangen, Nuremberg, Germany.
Behav Brain Res. 1996 Jun;78(1):67-72. doi: 10.1016/0166-4328(95)00219-7.
In an interdisciplinary project on maintaining and supporting independent living in old age, (a) competence training, (b) memory training and (c) psychomotor training as well as (d) combined competence and psychomotor training and (e) combined memory and psychomotor training was performed with n = 309 elderly of 75 to 89 years of age for 9 months. Regardless of treatment conditions, an age-related decline of health and subjective well-being was found 1 year after the end of the training. The specific training measures each led to highly significant specific improvements of the trained functions. A favorable influence of competence training on everyday coping and hence on active strategies for staying independent as well as of memory training on all cognitive functions and especially on memory performance was found. While global psychomotor performance was not significantly improved, effects of psychomotor training on specific functions were detected. In addition, the combined psychomotor and memory training led to an improvement of psychomotor performance and to a reduction of symptoms of dementia, even though neither psychomotor training alone nor memory training alone resulted in such effects. Neurophysiological changes leading to a provision of reserve-capacity of CNS-performance are among other effects assumed as an explanation.
在一个关于维持和支持老年人独立生活的跨学科项目中，对309名75至89岁的老年人进行了为期9个月的(a)能力训练、(b)记忆训练、(c)心理运动训练，以及(d)能力与心理运动联合训练和(e)记忆与心理运动联合训练。无论治疗条件如何，在训练结束1年后均发现健康状况和主观幸福感出现与年龄相关的下降。具体的训练措施各自都使所训练的功能得到了极为显著的特定改善。发现能力训练对日常应对以及因此对保持独立的积极策略有有利影响，记忆训练对所有认知功能尤其是记忆表现有有利影响。虽然整体心理运动表现没有显著改善，但检测到了心理运动训练对特定功能的影响。此外，心理运动与记忆联合训练导致心理运动表现得到改善，痴呆症状减轻，尽管单独的心理运动训练和单独的记忆训练均未产生此类效果。导致中枢神经系统性能储备能力提升的神经生理变化被认为是对此类效果的一种解释。
