Brussaard J H, Van Dokkum W, Van der Paauw C G, De Vos R H, De Kort W L, Löwik M R
TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, The Netherlands.
Food Addit Contam. 1996 Jul;13(5):561-73. doi: 10.1080/02652039609374441.
To assess the level of exposure to food contaminants (cadmium, lead, PCBs, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, nitrate and malathion) a total-diet study was carried out. A total of 226 food products were analysed individually; the concentration of contaminants in products not selected for analysis was estimated with the help of published data. The results of the analyses and estimations were used as input for the first Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (1987-1988) (n = 5898, age 1-85). Mean intakes of all contaminants analysed did not exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or comparable values in any of the age-sex groups. Comparison of the results with those of previous total diet studies suggests that the intake of all contaminants analysed had declined between 1976-1978 and 1988-1989. In younger age groups an intake of lead and cadmium exceeding the tolerable daily intake (derived from the WHO/FAO provisional tolerable weekly intake) was found in 1.5% of individuals at most. For the older population groups and for the other contaminants in all population groups mean and maximum intakes were substantially below the ADL. However, individual intakes above the ADI for nitrate were found in 3-23% of individuals. For chronic exposure these percentages are likely to be overestimated because of the short time frame for food consumption measurement. In general, the difference between mean intake and tolerable daily intake was smallest for children aged 1-4. Therefore, it is recommended that future research is concentrated on the intake of contaminants in younger age groups.
为评估食品污染物（镉、铅、多氯联苯、滴滴涕、六氯苯、硝酸盐和马拉硫磷）的暴露水平，开展了一项总膳食研究。共对226种食品进行了单独分析；未选作分析的食品中污染物的浓度借助已发表的数据进行了估算。分析和估算结果被用作首次荷兰全国食品消费调查（1987 - 1988年）（n = 5898，年龄1 - 85岁）的输入数据。在所有年龄 - 性别组中，所分析的所有污染物的平均摄入量均未超过可接受的每日摄入量（ADI）或可比数值。将结果与之前总膳食研究的结果相比较表明，在1976 - 1978年至1988 - 1989年期间，所分析的所有污染物的摄入量均有所下降。在年龄较小的组中，至多1.5%的个体的铅和镉摄入量超过了可耐受的每日摄入量（源自世界卫生组织/联合国粮农组织暂定的每周可耐受摄入量）。对于老年人群组以及所有人群组中的其他污染物，平均摄入量和最大摄入量均大幅低于ADI。然而，在3% - 23%的个体中发现硝酸盐的个体摄入量超过了ADI。对于慢性暴露而言，由于食品消费测量的时间框架较短，这些百分比可能被高估。总体而言，1 - 4岁儿童的平均摄入量与可耐受每日摄入量之间的差异最小。因此，建议未来的研究集中在年龄较小的组中污染物的摄入量上。
