Archie J P
Wake Medical Center, Raleigh, NC, USA.
J Vasc Surg. 1996 Sep;24(3):346-51; discussion 351-2. doi: 10.1016/s0741-5214(96)70190-8.
The single major disadvantage of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) patch reconstruction with greater saphenous vein (GSV) is central patch rupture, which has a reported incidence of 0.5% to 4%. This is a prospective evaluation of the selective use of GSV for a CEA patch based on previously established vein diameter criteria.
Between 1988 and mid-1995, 534 of 671 CEAs (80%) were reconstructed with GSVs that had a distended diameter > or = 3.5 mm. Thigh veins were used in all 252 women who underwent CEA. Of the 282 men who underwent CEA, 265 GSVs (94%) were harvested from below the knee and 17 from the thigh. During this period four thigh and 13 below-knee veins (3.2%) were rejected because the diameter was < 3.5 mm, and a synthetic patch was used instead. In 408 of the CEAs with GSV (76%) the vein rupture pressures and diameters were measured, the CEA geometry was measured, and the predicted CEA vein patch rupture pressures were calculated.
No GSV patches ruptured in this series. This compares favorably with three patch ruptures in 239 previous CEAs when no vein diameter criteria was used (p = 0.03). This also compares favorably with a multicenter series of 13 GSV patch ruptures (0.73%) in 1773 CEAs (p = 0.03) and with a single-center series of eight ruptures (0.47%) in 1699 CEAs (p = 0.05). GSV diameters were 4.9 +/- 0.9 mm (mean +/- 1 SD); vein rupture pressures, 3.9 +/- 1.5 atmospheres; carotid bulb major axis diameters, 12.5 +/- 1.6 mm; carotid bulb maximum diameters of curvature, 14.2 +/- 2.2 mm; and CEA patch rupture pressures, 1.3 +/- 0.6 atmospheres (range, 280 mm Hg to 4 atmospheres). CEA vein patch rupture pressure correlates positively with vein diameter (p < 0.001, slope), but there is wide variability (correlation coefficient = 0.39). The 14 CEAs (3.4%) with predicted rupture pressures < 400 mm Hg were performed with veins 3.5 to 5.5 mm in diameter (mean, 4.2 mm), and all had carotid bulb major axis diameters > 12 mm (mean, 15.3 mm). Eight of these CEAs were reconstructed with thigh veins.
Use of GSVs with a distended diameter > or = 3.5 mm for CEA patch reconstruction significantly reduces the probability of central patch rupture; however, a few CEAs reconstructed with veins > 3.5 mm in diameter and large carotid bulbs have predicted patch rupture pressures < 400 mm Hg. Because at times some veins will have rupture pressures lower than desirable, CEA reconstruction should be tailored to keep the carotid bulb major axis diameter < 13 mm.
