Furnham A, Thomson L
Department of Psychology, University College London, England.
Soc Sci Med. 1996 Jul;43(1):29-40. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00330-4.
This study examined the structure and determinants of lay people's implicit theories of heroin addiction. A questionnaire was derived from interviews with lay people about their beliefs and theories of heroin addiction and academic literature on the subject. One hundred and forty-four subjects completed the questionnaire, in which they rated 105 statements about the causes, correlates and cures of heroin addiction. The three parts of the questionnaire were individually factor analyzed and a clear, interpretable factor structure emerged for each. The factors seemed similar to explicit academic theories, but the exception was beliefs about cure, which did not show overall support for the most clinically used models. When the three factor analyses were combined into a single 'higher-order' factor analysis four factors emerged, labelled moralistic, psychosocial, sociocultural and drug treatment, which reflect more or less coherent views on the nature of heroin addiction. Subjects' political beliefs was the greatest (demographic and attitudinal) determinant of lay beliefs in these factors, with experience of addiction, addicts, drugs and age also highly correlated. Vote was the main determinant and best predictor of the four 'higher-order' structured lay theories: right-wing voters emphasizing moralistic and individualistic theory and left-wing voters supporting the psychological and societal ideas. Implications for policy and interventions to addicts of these lay theories are considered.
本研究考察了外行人士关于海洛因成瘾的内隐理论的结构及其决定因素。一份问卷源自对外行人士关于海洛因成瘾的信念和理论的访谈以及该主题的学术文献。144名受试者完成了问卷，他们对105条关于海洛因成瘾的成因、相关因素及治疗方法的陈述进行了评分。问卷的三个部分分别进行了因子分析，每个部分都呈现出清晰、可解释的因子结构。这些因子似乎与明确的学术理论相似，但关于治疗的信念是个例外，并未对临床上最常用的模型提供全面支持。当将这三个因子分析合并为一个单一的“高阶”因子分析时，出现了四个因子，分别标记为道德主义、心理社会、社会文化和药物治疗，它们或多或少反映了对海洛因成瘾本质的连贯观点。受试者的政治信念是这些因子中外行信念的最大（人口统计学和态度方面的）决定因素，成瘾经历、成瘾者、毒品和年龄也与之高度相关。投票是这四种“高阶”结构化外行理论的主要决定因素和最佳预测指标：右翼选民强调道德主义和个人主义理论，左翼选民支持心理和社会观念。文中还考虑了这些外行理论对成瘾者政策及干预措施的影响。
