Menzel R, Muller U
Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany.
Annu Rev Neurosci. 1996;19:379-404. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.002115.
Learning and memory in honeybees is analyzed on five levels, using a top-down approach. (a) Observatory learning is applied during navigation and dance communication. (b) Local cues at the feeding site are learned associatively. (c) Classical conditioning of the proboscis extension response to olfactory stimuli provides insight into behavioral, neural, and neuropharmacological mechanisms of associative learning. (d) At the neural level, the pathways coding the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus are identified. The reinforcing function of the unconditioned stimulus is traced to a particular neuron. (e) At the cellular level, the cAMP pathway is found to be critically involved. Nitric oxide is an essential mediator for the transfer from short- to long-term memory.
采用自上而下的方法，从五个层面分析蜜蜂的学习与记忆。(a) 观察学习应用于导航和舞蹈交流过程中。(b) 采食地点的局部线索通过联想学习获得。(c) 对嗅觉刺激的喙伸反应进行经典条件反射，有助于深入了解联想学习的行为、神经和神经药理学机制。(d) 在神经层面，确定编码条件刺激和非条件刺激的神经通路。非条件刺激的强化作用可追溯到特定神经元。(e) 在细胞层面，发现cAMP通路至关重要。一氧化氮是从短期记忆向长期记忆转化的重要介质。
