Schienle A, Vaitl D, Stark R
Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Giessen, Germany.
Psychol Rep. 1996 Feb;78(1):291-305. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.291.
22 believers and 20 skeptics of extrasensory perception (ESP) participated in a telepathy experiment. Subjects were asked to judge the covariation between transmitted symbols and the corresponding feedback given by a receiver. Believers overestimated the number of successful transmissions ('hits'). Skeptics were characterized by accurate hit judgments. For believers, positive correlations between hit-responses, their heart rates, and their experienced arousal were found. In addition, subjective arousal was positively associated with the hit estimates given at the end of the experiment. This response pattern was absent in the group of skeptics. It is concluded that covariation bias as a psychophysiological concept plays an important role in the maintenance of paranormal belief.
22名超感官知觉（ESP）信徒和20名怀疑论者参与了一项心灵感应实验。受试者被要求判断传输的符号与接收者给出的相应反馈之间的协变关系。信徒高估了成功传输（“命中”）的次数。怀疑论者的特点是对命中的判断准确。对于信徒来说，命中反应、他们的心率和他们所体验到的唤醒之间存在正相关。此外，主观唤醒与实验结束时给出的命中估计呈正相关。在怀疑论者组中没有这种反应模式。得出的结论是，协变偏差作为一个心理生理概念，在超自然信念的维持中起着重要作用。
