Clavien H, Theintz G, Rizzoli R, Bonjour J P
WHO Collaborating Center for Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
J Adolesc Health. 1996 Jul;19(1):68-75. doi: 10.1016/1054-139X(95)00324-L.
Puberty is considered to be a period with major behavioral changes and alterations in lifestyle. It is also assumed that important modifications in food habits would occur during pubertal maturation, particularly in affluent societies. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a prospective survey in 193 adolescents (95 females and 98 males) aged 9-19 years.
Food intake was assessed using a 5-day dietary diary method with weighing of most food intakes. Diaries were analyzed for macronutrient consumption with a nutrition determination software integrating food composition tables and 103 local food items. The stage of puberty or sexual maturity was clinically assessed and rated from stage P1 (prepubertal) to P5 (adult).
The total energy intake which was within the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) was significantly influenced by both pubertal maturation and sex when expressed in absolute terms, but by pubertal stages only when adjusted per kilogram of body weight. Compared with RDA, the macronutrient distribution of the total energy intake showed an excessive quantity of fat (especially saturated fatty acids) and an insufficient amount of carbohydrate-rich fibers. The intakes of proteins, of which two out of three came from animal sources, were above RDA. Overall, these inadequacies in the macronutrient intake distribution were constant throughout pubertal maturation.
This study indicates that the type of diet which has been linked with several chronic diseases in adults living in developed countries already prevails before pubertal maturation. This dietary pattern changes marginally during pubertal development. Therefore, our investigation does not support the notion that "bad" food habits become particularly worse during the years of pubertal maturation.
青春期被认为是行为和生活方式发生重大变化的时期。人们还认为，在青春期成熟过程中，饮食习惯会发生重要改变，尤其是在富裕社会。为了验证这一假设，我们对193名9至19岁的青少年（95名女性和98名男性）进行了一项前瞻性调查。
采用5天饮食日记法评估食物摄入量，对大多数食物摄入量进行称重。使用整合了食物成分表和103种当地食物的营养测定软件分析日记中的宏量营养素消耗情况。通过临床评估青春期或性成熟阶段，并从P1期（青春期前）到P5期（成人期）进行评分。
以绝对值表示时，总能量摄入量在推荐膳食摄入量（RDA）范围内，受青春期成熟和性别显著影响，但按每千克体重调整后仅受青春期阶段影响。与RDA相比，总能量摄入的宏量营养素分布显示脂肪（尤其是饱和脂肪酸）过量，富含碳水化合物的纤维不足。蛋白质摄入量高于RDA，其中三分之二来自动物源。总体而言，在整个青春期成熟过程中，宏量营养素摄入分布的这些不足是持续存在的。
本研究表明，在发达国家，与成年期多种慢性疾病相关的饮食类型在青春期成熟之前就已普遍存在。这种饮食模式在青春期发育过程中变化不大。因此，我们的调查不支持“不良”饮食习惯在青春期成熟期间会变得特别糟糕的观点。
