Ziegler P, Nelson J A, Barratt-Fornell A, Fiveash L, Drewnowski A
Nutrition and Regulatory Division, Gerber Products Co, Summit, NJ, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Mar;101(3):319-25. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00083-9.
Dietary guidelines for athletes emphasize complex carbohydrates. This study examined dietary intakes of elite figure skaters relative to current recommendations in sports nutrition.
Subjects were male (n=80) and female (n=81) figure skaters taking part in a series of training camps held in Colorado between 1988 and 1995. Mean age was 18 years for men and 16 years for women.
Measures of height, weight, and skinfold thickness were used to calculate body mass index and percent body fat. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of nutritional status. Energy and nutrient intakes were based on 3-day food records.
Multivariate regression model and correlation analyses used the SPSS for Windows program.
Values of body mass index and percent body fat were similar to those obtained for elite athletes in other studies. Plasma chemistries were in the normal range. Energy intakes (2,329 kcal/day for men and 1,545 kcal/day for women) were below recommended values for sex and age. The skaters derived approximately 50% of their daily energy from sugars and fat. Sugars alone accounted for 25% of daily energy intakes--the skaters consumed between 100 g (women) and 142 g of sugars per day. Sugar and fat intakes, when expressed as percent of daily energy, were inversely linked, providing evidence of a fat-sugar seesaw. Higher-energy diets were higher in fat but lower in carbohydrate and protein.
High consumption of sugars and fat by elite athletes was not associated with overweight or excess body fat. Although recommended diets are usually built around complex carbohydrates, dietetics professionals can address the increased energy needs of elite athletes by recommending energy-dense foods. Sugars and fats are efficient sources of energy per unit volume.
运动员饮食指南强调复合碳水化合物。本研究调查了优秀花样滑冰运动员的饮食摄入量与当前运动营养建议的对比情况。
研究对象为1988年至1995年期间在科罗拉多州参加一系列训练营的花样滑冰运动员，其中男性80名，女性81名。男性平均年龄为18岁，女性平均年龄为16岁。
通过测量身高、体重和皮褶厚度来计算体重指数和体脂百分比。采集血样以分析营养状况。能量和营养摄入量基于3天的饮食记录。
使用SPSS for Windows程序进行多元回归模型和相关性分析。
体重指数和体脂百分比的值与其他研究中优秀运动员的结果相似。血浆化学成分在正常范围内。能量摄入量（男性为2329千卡/天，女性为1545千卡/天）低于按性别和年龄推荐的值。花样滑冰运动员每日能量的约50%来自糖和脂肪。仅糖就占每日能量摄入量的25%——花样滑冰运动员每天摄入100克（女性）至142克糖。糖和脂肪的摄入量以每日能量的百分比表示时呈负相关，这为脂肪-糖跷跷板现象提供了证据。能量摄入较高的饮食中脂肪含量较高，但碳水化合物和蛋白质含量较低。
优秀运动员高糖和高脂肪的摄入与超重或体脂过多无关。尽管推荐的饮食通常以复合碳水化合物为基础，但饮食专业人员可以通过推荐能量密集型食物来满足优秀运动员增加的能量需求。糖和脂肪是每单位体积高效的能量来源。
