Lansdown A B
Department of Comparative Biology, Charing Cross & Westminster Medical School, University of London, England.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 1995;25(5):397-462. doi: 10.3109/10408449509049339.
The human environment contains more than 50 metal or metalloid elements. At least 15 are recognized as trace elements, with zinc, calcium, copper, magnesium, and iron having specific roles in skin morphogenesis and function. The present review focuses on the presumed role of metal ions in the skin, their competition for carrier proteins, and membrane receptors. Evidence presented shows that the balance of trace metal ions is critical for normal skin and repair mechanisms following injury. Xenobiotic ions can impair this balance, leading to pathological change. The skin acts as an organ of elimination of excess trace metals and xenobiotic ions from the body, but mechanisms of voidance vary for different metals. Metal ions are an important cause of allergies, and evidence is presented to show that the majority of metals or metal compounds can induce allergic changes. Except for chromium and nickel, which are among the most common human allergens, animal models have provided little information. At least cadmium, thorium, lead, chromium, nickel, beryllium, and arsenic and proven or putative carcinogens in animals or humans on the basis of cytological or epidemiological evidence. However, only arsenic exhibits a clear predilection for the skin. Other metals such as gold can induce subcutaneous sarcoma following injection, but the relevance of this observation in terms of human occupational risk is discounted.
人类环境中含有50多种金属或类金属元素。至少有15种被认为是微量元素，其中锌、钙、铜、镁和铁在皮肤形态发生和功能中具有特定作用。本综述重点关注金属离子在皮肤中的假定作用、它们对载体蛋白的竞争以及膜受体。所提供的证据表明，微量金属离子的平衡对于正常皮肤和损伤后的修复机制至关重要。外源性离子会破坏这种平衡，导致病理变化。皮肤是身体排出多余微量金属和外源性离子的器官，但不同金属的排泄机制各不相同。金属离子是过敏的重要原因，有证据表明大多数金属或金属化合物可引起过敏变化。除了铬和镍是最常见的人类过敏原外，动物模型提供的信息很少。根据细胞学或流行病学证据，至少镉、钍、铅、铬、镍、铍和砷在动物或人类中已被证实或被认为是致癌物。然而，只有砷对皮肤有明显的偏好。其他金属如金注射后可诱发皮下肉瘤，但就人类职业风险而言，这一观察结果的相关性不大。
