Lamb M E
Section on Social and Emotional Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
Can J Psychiatry. 1996 Aug;41(6):330-42. doi: 10.1177/070674379604100603.
To review the published literature on the effects of nonparental and out-of-home care on infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.
Narrative literature review.
Although substantial controversy persists, the accumulated evidence suggests that nonparental care does not necessarily have either beneficial or detrimental effects on infants and children, although it can have such effects. In some circumstances, careproviders establish relationships with children that have significant effects on development, and this increases the importance of ensuring that careproviders are well trained, behave sensitively, and are stable rather than ephemeral figures in children's lives. Nonparental care is associated with behaviour problems (including aggression and noncompliance) when the care is of poor quality and opportunities for meaningful relationships with stable careproviders are not available, however.
The effects of out-of-home care vary depending on the quality of care as well as the characteristics of individual children, including their age, temperaments, and individual backgrounds.
回顾已发表的关于非父母照料和家庭外照料对婴儿、幼儿及学龄前儿童影响的文献。
叙述性文献综述。
尽管仍存在大量争议，但积累的证据表明，非父母照料不一定对婴幼儿有有益或有害的影响，不过它可能产生此类影响。在某些情况下，照料提供者与儿童建立的关系会对其发展产生重大影响，这就增加了确保照料提供者训练有素、行为体贴且在儿童生活中保持稳定而非短暂出现的重要性。然而，当照料质量差且缺乏与稳定照料提供者建立有意义关系的机会时，非父母照料与行为问题（包括攻击性和不服从）有关。
家庭外照料的影响因照料质量以及儿童个体特征（包括年龄、气质和个人背景）而异。
