Molecular and genetic epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: studies in China and Senegal.

To identify environmental, viral, and genetic factors that may influence the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), large prospective studies are being conducted in Haimen City, China and Senegal, and a case-control study of genetic variation in the detoxification of aflatoxin-B1 was carried out in Shanghai, China. Analysis of 78 HCCs that have occurred among 51,020 men enrolled in a large prospective study in Haimen City, China showed a strong association of HCC with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. There were also significant associations of HCC risk with occupation (farming), history of a clinical episode of hepatitis in adulthood, and a family history of HCC. Study of 52 HCC cases and 116 controls for genetic polymorphisms and HCC risk showed a significant association with epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) mutant alleles (1/2, 2/2) and a borderline association with homozygous deletion of the glutathione-S-transferase mu (GSTM1) gene. There was a multiplicative interaction of these polymorphisms with chronic HBV infection such that HBsAg-positive persons who were GSTM1 null and were EPHX 1/2 or 2/2 had 135 times the risk of HCC as HBsAg-negative persons with the wild type genotypes for GSTM1 and EPHX. The risk of HCC is not uniform among persons with chronic HBV or HCV infections. Studies of genetic, viral, and environmental interactions may permit identification of those individuals at highest risk within groups at increased risk of HCC. Prevention strategies could then be targeted at those individuals.