Wong O, Ragland D R, Marcero D H
Applied Health Sciences, Inc., San Mateo, CA 94401, USA.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1996;68(6):498-507. doi: 10.1007/BF00377876.
The cohort consisted of 11,178 Mead Corporation employees (9,358 males and 1,820 females) who had worked for at least one year between January 1, 1975 and December 31, 1992 at seven pulp and/or paper mills in the United States. The vital status of the cohort was determined through a variety of sources over an observation period of 17 years (1976-1992). Mortality data were analyzed in terms of cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), with expected deaths based on U.S. national mortality rates. Job categories with similar exposures were created based on an historical exposure assessment. Mortality analyses were performed separately for total female and male employees. Among female employees, overall mortality was less than expected, and no significant cause-specific mortality excesses were observed. The small number of deaths among female employees did not permit further detailed analyses. Among male employees, statistically significant deficits from overall mortality (SMR = 69.0) and from all cancers (SMR = 71.3) were reported. In addition, low mortality risks for many specific causes were also observed, including many specific cancer sites, various types of cardiovascular diseases, and different forms of nonmalignant respiratory diseases. In particular, there was no mortality excess from lung cancer (SMR = 77.5), digestive cancer (SMR = 69.4), stomach cancer (SMR = 46.7), laryngeal cancer (no observed death), rectal cancer (SMR = 82.8). Hodgkin's lymphoma (no observed death), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SMR = 103.6), leukemia (SMR = 72.2), diabetes mellitus (SMR = 110.4), ischemic heart disease (SMR = 80.0), and nonmalignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 36.7). Furthermore, detailed analyses by length of employment, interval since hire (latency), and job category demonstrated no occupationally related mortality increases from any of the diseases examined. Specifically, based on internal comparisons, no upward trends in cause-specific mortality risk were observed by duration of employment. In conclusion, the results of this epidemiologic investigation demonstrated a favorable mortality experience for employees at the seven pulp and/or paper mills.
该队列由11178名米德公司员工组成（9358名男性和1820名女性），他们于1975年1月1日至1992年12月31日期间在美国的七家纸浆厂和/或造纸厂工作了至少一年。在17年（1976 - 1992年）的观察期内，通过多种来源确定了该队列的生命状态。根据特定病因的标准化死亡比（SMR）分析死亡率数据，预期死亡人数基于美国全国死亡率。根据历史暴露评估创建了具有相似暴露情况的工作类别。分别对女性和男性员工进行了死亡率分析。在女性员工中，总体死亡率低于预期，未观察到特定病因死亡率有显著过高情况。女性员工死亡人数较少，无法进行进一步详细分析。在男性员工中，报告了总体死亡率（SMR = 69.0）和所有癌症死亡率（SMR = 71.3）在统计学上有显著不足。此外，还观察到许多特定病因的低死亡风险，包括许多特定癌症部位、各种类型的心血管疾病以及不同形式的非恶性呼吸道疾病。特别是，肺癌（SMR = 77.5）、消化道癌（SMR = 69.4）、胃癌（SMR = 46.7）、喉癌（未观察到死亡病例）、直肠癌（SMR = 82.8）、霍奇金淋巴瘤（未观察到死亡病例）、非霍奇金淋巴瘤（SMR = 103.6）、白血病（SMR = 72.2）、糖尿病（SMR = 110.4）、缺血性心脏病（SMR = 80.0）和非恶性呼吸道疾病（SMR = 36.7）均未出现死亡人数过多情况。此外，按就业时长、入职后间隔时间（潜伏期）和工作类别进行的详细分析表明，在所检查的任何疾病中，均未发现与职业相关的死亡率增加。具体而言，基于内部比较，未观察到特定病因死亡风险随就业时长出现上升趋势。总之，这项流行病学调查结果表明，这七家纸浆厂和/或造纸厂的员工死亡率情况良好。
