Rees B I, Gravelle I H, Hughes L E
Br J Surg. 1977 Aug;64(8):577-80. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800640814.
Thirty patients with nipple retraction associated with duct ectasia have been studied to determine the clinical features of this condition. This association is a common one and the similarity of these nipple changes to those produced by cancer is emphasized. While clinical evaluation of the nipple changes may give an indication of the diagnosis, it is by no means absolute and mammography is advocated in all cases. Combined clinical and mammographic assessment will allow confident differentiation of the two causes in many cases, and a policy for management of nipple retraction is presented.
对30例伴有导管扩张的乳头凹陷患者进行了研究，以确定这种情况的临床特征。这种关联很常见，并且强调了这些乳头变化与癌症引起的变化的相似性。虽然对乳头变化的临床评估可能提示诊断，但绝非绝对，所有病例均提倡进行乳房X线摄影。临床和乳房X线摄影联合评估将在许多情况下可靠地区分这两种病因，并提出了乳头凹陷的处理策略。
