Howard R J, Valent B
DuPont Company, Experimental Staion, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0402, USA.
Annu Rev Microbiol. 1996;50:491-512. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.491.
Fungal plant pathogens have evolved diverse mechanisms for penetrating into host plant tissue, ranging from entry through natural plant openings to various mechanisms of direct penetration through the outer surface. The filamentous fungus Magnaporthe grisea can cause disease on many species of the grass (Poaceae) family. The disease on rice, Rice Blast, is of enormous economic importance and biological interest. The mechanism used by this pathogen for breaching the formidable host surface barriers has been studied cytologically and genetically as a model for plant pathology, and represents a remarkably sophisticated achievement of nature. The single-celled appressorium of M. grisea acts as a vessel for the generation and application of perhaps the highest turgor pressures known. The fungus requires and utilizes melanin-derived, osmotically generated pressures estimated at 80 bars to drive an actin-rich cellular protuberance through the surface of a rice leaf or plastic coverslip.
植物病原真菌已经进化出多种侵入寄主植物组织的机制，从通过植物自然孔口侵入到通过外表面的各种直接侵入机制。丝状真菌稻瘟病菌能在禾本科（Poaceae）的许多物种上引起病害。水稻上的稻瘟病具有巨大的经济重要性和生物学研究价值。作为植物病理学的一个模型，这种病原菌突破强大寄主表面屏障所使用的机制已经从细胞学和遗传学角度进行了研究，这是大自然一项非常复杂的成就。稻瘟病菌的单细胞附着胞就像是一个容器，用于产生和施加可能是已知最高的膨压。该真菌需要并利用由黑色素产生的渗透压力（估计为80巴）来驱动富含肌动蛋白的细胞突起穿透水稻叶片表面或塑料盖玻片。
