Adsorption of globular proteins on locally planar surfaces: models for the effect of excluded surface area and aggregation of adsorbed protein on adsorption equilibria.

Equilibrium statistical-thermodynamic models are presented for the surface adsorption of proteins modeled as regular convex hard particles. The adsorbed phase is treated as a two-dimensional fluid, and the chemical potential of adsorbed protein is obtained from scaled particle theory. Adsorption isotherms are calculated for nonassociating and self-associating adsorbing proteins. Area exclusion broadens adsorption isotherms relative to the Langmuir isotherm (negative cooperativity), whereas self-association steepens them (positive cooperativity). The calculated isotherm for adsorption of hard spheres using scaled particle theory for hard discs agrees well with that calculated from the hard disc virial expansion. As the cross section of the adsorbing protein in the plane of the surface becomes less discoidal, the apparent negative cooperativity manifested in the isotherm becomes more pronounced. The model is extended to the case of simultaneous adsorption of a tracer protein at low saturation and a competitor protein with a different size and/or shape at arbitrary fractional saturation. Area exclusion by competitor for tracer (and vice versa) is shown to substantially enhance the displacement of tracer by competitor and to qualitatively invalidate the standard interpretation of ligand competition experiments, according to which the fractional displacement of tracer by competitor is equal to the fractional saturation by competitor.