Anemone R L, Mooney M P, Siegel M I
Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Geneseo 14454, USA.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1996 Jan;99(1):119-33. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199601)99:1<119::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-W.
Reconstruction of life history variables of fossil hominids on the basis of dental development requires understanding of and comparison with the pattern and timing of dental development among both living humans and pongids. Whether dental development among living apes or humans provides a better model for comparison with that of Plio-Pleistocene hominids of the genus Australopithecus remains a contentious point. This paper presents new data on chimpanzees documenting developmental differences in the dentitions of modern humans and apes and discusses their significance in light of recent controversies over the human or pongid nature of australopithecine dental development. Longitudinal analysis of 299 lateral head radiographs from 33 lab-reared chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of known chronological age allows estimation of means and standard deviations for the age at first appearance of 8 developmental stages in the mandibular molar dentition. Results are compared with published studies of dental development among apes and with published standards for humans. Chimpanzees are distinctly different from humans in two important aspects of dental development. Relative to humans, chimpanzees show advanced molar development vis a vis anterior tooth development, and chimpanzees are characterized by temporal overlap in the calcification of adjacent molar crowns, while humans show moderate to long temporal gaps between the calcification of adjacent molar crowns. In combination with recent work on enamel incremental markers and CAT scans of developing dentitions of Plio-Pleistocene hominids, this evidence supports an interpretation of a rapid, essentially "apelike" ontogeny among australopithecines.
基于牙齿发育来重建化石原始人类的生活史变量，需要了解并比较现代人类和猩猩的牙齿发育模式及时间。现代猿类或人类的牙齿发育，哪一个能为与南方古猿属的上新世-更新世原始人类进行比较提供更好的模型，这仍是一个有争议的问题。本文展示了关于黑猩猩的新数据，记录了现代人类和猿类牙列的发育差异，并根据最近关于南方古猿牙齿发育的人类或猩猩属性的争议，讨论了这些差异的意义。对33只已知年龄的实验室饲养黑猩猩（黑猩猩属）的299张侧位头部X光片进行纵向分析，可以估算下颌磨牙牙列中8个发育阶段首次出现时的平均年龄和标准差。研究结果与已发表的关于猿类牙齿发育的研究以及已发表的人类标准进行了比较。黑猩猩在牙齿发育的两个重要方面与人类明显不同。相对于人类，黑猩猩的磨牙发育相对于前牙发育更为超前，而且黑猩猩的特点是相邻磨牙牙冠钙化存在时间重叠，而人类相邻磨牙牙冠钙化之间存在中度到较长的时间间隔。结合最近关于釉质增量标记的研究以及上新世-更新世原始人类发育牙列的CAT扫描结果，这些证据支持了对南方古猿快速、本质上“类似猿类”个体发育的一种解释。
