Marzke M W, Young D L, Hawkey D E, Su S M, Fritz J, Alford P L
Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287, USA.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1996 Jan;99(1):175-90. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199601)99:1<175::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-K.
Variability during the first 2 years of growth and development is examined in captive chimpanzees. The mixed longitudinal study of 175 animals compares curves of weight, hand/wrist maturation, and dental emergence for groups within the sample which differ in sex, rearing circumstances (mother-reared versus hand-reared), and colony (Primate Foundation of Arizona, White Sands Research Center, and The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Veterinary Sciences in Bastrop, Texas). Comparison of LOWESS fits of the curves, using a conservative jack-knife approach, reveals trends toward significant differences between colonies for weight (with 4 comparisons reaching significance) and between rearing groups for maturation (1 reaching significance). Results of a full versus reduced model approach show the same trends, for which significance is reached in a higher number of comparisons. The latter approach also indicates possible effects of sex and environmental differences on dental emergence rate. Difficulties with both approaches are discussed. It is concluded that the results are suggestive of significant sex and environmental effects on the variables monitored, justifying further analysis and continuation of the study. The study is significant in 1) providing norms specific to sex and rearing and colony environments with which individual colony animals may be compared in the assessment of their development and in 2) providing a standard, based upon data from a larger and more varied captive chimpanzee population than previously available, with which the dental emergence status and hand/wrist maturation of fossil apes and hominids may be compared.
对圈养黑猩猩生长发育的头两年的变异性进行了研究。这项对175只动物的混合纵向研究比较了样本中不同性别、饲养环境（由母亲抚养与人工饲养）和群落（亚利桑那灵长类动物基金会、白沙研究中心以及德克萨斯州巴斯托普的德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心兽医学系）的体重、手/腕成熟度和牙齿萌出曲线。使用保守的刀切法比较曲线的局部加权散点平滑法（LOWESS）拟合，结果显示不同群落之间体重存在显著差异的趋势（4次比较达到显著水平），不同饲养组之间成熟度存在显著差异的趋势（1次比较达到显著水平）。完整模型与简化模型方法的结果显示了相同的趋势，且在更多的比较中达到显著水平。后一种方法还表明了性别和环境差异对牙齿萌出率可能产生的影响。文中讨论了这两种方法存在的困难。研究得出的结论是，结果表明性别和环境对所监测变量有显著影响，这为进一步分析和继续该研究提供了依据。该研究的重要意义在于：1）提供了特定于性别、饲养和群落环境的标准，可用于在评估个体群落动物的发育时进行比较；2）基于比以前更多样化的圈养黑猩猩种群的数据提供了一个标准，可用于比较化石猿类和原始人类的牙齿萌出状况和手/腕成熟度。
