Nordeide M B, Hatløy A, Følling M, Lied E, Oshaug A
Nordic School of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Norway.
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1996 Nov;47(6):455-68. doi: 10.3109/09637489609031874.
This paper discusses the nutrient composition and the nutritional importance of green leaves and wild gathered foods in an area with surplus food production in Mali. In this West African country, there is little information about the nutrient composition and the nutritional quality of foods in general, and of wild gathered foods in particular. Food frequency was collected in two cross-sectional surveys. Focus group discussions with women in the area were used to collect information about seasonality, availability and preparation of various foods. Selected food samples were collected for chemical analysis of nutrient composition. The food samples of green leaves (Adansonia digitata, Amaranthus viridis, Tamarindus indica, Allium cepa), seeds and flour (Parkia biglobosa) and fruits (Tamarindus indica) were analysed for water, energy, fat, protein, minerals, amino acids and carotenoids. Availability and use of the foods varied with seasons. In the rainy season, wild gathered foods (e.g. A. digitata) were used as much as fresh cultivated foods (e.g., A. viridis and A. cepa). The wild food resources were more frequently used in rural than in urban areas, with A. digitata as the dominating green leaves. Green leaves were rich in energy, protein and minerals (calcium, iron). Leaves of A. viridis were, in particular, rich in beta-carotene (3290 micrograms/100 g). Chemical score in dried green leaves varied from 47 (A. cepa) to 81 (A. digitata), with lysine as the first limiting amino acid. P. biglobosa fermented seeds, with 35% fat and 37% protein were a complementary source of lysine in the diet. Based on the seasonality, the frequency of use and the nutrient contents of selected green leaves and wild gathered foods in Koutiala district, it is concluded that these traditional and locally produced foods are valuable and important nutrient contributors in the diet both in rural and urban areas, but most important in rural areas.
本文讨论了马里一个粮食生产过剩地区绿叶及野生采集食物的营养成分和营养重要性。在这个西非国家，关于食物总体的营养成分和营养质量，尤其是野生采集食物的相关信息非常少。通过两项横断面调查收集了食物频率数据。与该地区女性进行焦点小组讨论，以收集各种食物的季节性、可得性和制备方法的信息。选取食物样本进行营养成分的化学分析。对绿叶（猴面包树、绿穗苋、罗望子、洋葱）、种子和面粉（球花豆）以及水果（罗望子）的食物样本进行了水分、能量、脂肪、蛋白质、矿物质、氨基酸和类胡萝卜素分析。这些食物的可得性和使用情况随季节而变化。在雨季，野生采集食物（如猴面包树）的使用量与新鲜种植食物（如绿穗苋和洋葱）相当。野生食物资源在农村地区的使用频率高于城市地区，其中猴面包树是主要的绿叶食物。绿叶富含能量、蛋白质和矿物质（钙、铁）。特别是绿穗苋叶富含β-胡萝卜素（3290微克/100克）。干绿叶的化学评分从47（洋葱）到81（猴面包树）不等，赖氨酸是第一限制氨基酸。含35%脂肪和37%蛋白质的球花豆发酵种子是饮食中赖氨酸的补充来源。基于库蒂亚拉地区所选绿叶和野生采集食物的季节性、使用频率和营养成分，得出结论：这些传统的本地生产食物在农村和城市地区的饮食中都是有价值且重要的营养贡献者，但在农村地区最为重要。
