Peck S, Peck L
Department of Orthodontics, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02168, USA.
Semin Orthod. 1995 Jun;1(2):105-26. doi: 10.1016/s1073-8746(95)80097-2.
The historical aspects of facial esthetics and its role in orthodontic teachings and practice are traced to their origins in classical art. Related discussions include the failure of "divine proportions," the ascent of the Class II facies, and the influence of 19th century pseudoscience. Today, the treatment of facial form for a diverse society requires a tolerant sense of esthetic pluralism. Moreover, advances in neuroscience and psychology have extended understanding of the biological basis of variation in facial expression and judgment. The nature of oral esthetics was examined through quantitative studies of the smile line. Significant sexual dimorphism was found, ie, the gingival smile line (GSL) appears to be a female lineament and the low smile line seems to be a male lineament. Further results indicated that the GSL is associated with several facial characteristics, including anterior vertical maxillary excess, and the muscular capacity to raise the upper lip significantly higher than average on smiling. Other variables associated with GSL are statistically significant increases in overjet, interlabial gap at rest, and overbite. The gingival smile line is not necessarily objectionable esthetically and it will normally diminish with age. However, the treatment of choice for the GSL patient with an uncoached complaint is orthognathic surgery and orthodontics.
面部美学的历史渊源及其在正畸教学与实践中的作用可追溯至古典艺术。相关讨论涵盖“神圣比例”的失效、二类面型的兴起以及19世纪伪科学的影响。如今，为多元社会治疗面部形态需要一种包容的审美多元主义观念。此外，神经科学和心理学的进展拓展了对面部表情和判断差异生物学基础的理解。通过对微笑线的定量研究审视了口腔美学的本质。发现了显著的性别二态性，即牙龈微笑线似乎是女性特征，而低微笑线似乎是男性特征。进一步结果表明，牙龈微笑线与多种面部特征相关，包括上颌前部垂直过度，以及微笑时上唇提升肌肉能力显著高于平均水平。与牙龈微笑线相关的其他变量包括覆盖、静息时唇间隙和覆牙合在统计学上的显著增加。牙龈微笑线在美学上不一定令人反感，通常会随着年龄增长而减轻。然而，对于未经引导就提出抱怨的牙龈微笑线患者，首选的治疗方法是正颌外科手术和正畸治疗。
