Lawryk N J, Lioy P J, Weisel C P
Exposure Measurement and Assessment Division, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855, USA.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1995 Oct-Dec;5(4):511-31.
In-vehicle exposures to selected gasoline-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde were examined on 113 commutes through suburban New Jersey and on 33 New Jersey/New York commutes using measurements taken in two vehicles driven in tandem during 1991-1992. Overall median exposures to VOCs were lowest on the suburban commute, slightly higher on the New Jersey Turnpike, and highest in transit through the Lincoln Tunnel. Median in-vehicle concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylene, and o-xylene were 14 microg/m3, 6.8 microg/m3, 36 microg/m3, and 15 microg/m3, respectively. For a motorist who commutes 93.2 min daily (6.5% of the day), this corresponds to 12.1%, 10.8%, 14.9%, and 14.7% of the total daily exposures to these compounds. One vehicle, with a carbureted engine, developed malfunctions which caused gasoline emissions within the engine compartment during driving. Resultant gasoline-derived VOC concentrations in this vehicle measured much higher than in the properly maintained, fuel-injected vehicle, particularly for the low ventilation extreme. The highest in-vehicle benzene concentration measured during these malfunctions was 45.2 microg/m3. The air concentration in the vehicle driven in tandem was a factor of 25 less (1.8 microg/m3). A motorist who drives for the average daily period of 93.2 min/day in this malfunctioning automobile will have a benzene exposure of 2.8 (microg/m3)day, compared to 0.1 (microg/m3)day in the properly functioning vehicle.
1991年至1992年期间，通过在两辆前后行驶的车辆中进行测量，对新泽西州郊区113次通勤以及新泽西州/纽约33次通勤过程中车内接触特定汽油衍生挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）和甲醛的情况进行了检测。总体而言，郊区通勤时VOCs的接触中位数最低，在新泽西收费公路上略高，而通过林肯隧道时最高。车内苯、乙苯、间二甲苯和对二甲苯以及邻二甲苯的浓度中位数分别为14微克/立方米、6.8微克/立方米、36微克/立方米和15微克/立方米。对于一名每天通勤93.2分钟（占一天时间的6.5%）的驾车者来说，这相当于这些化合物每日总接触量的12.1%、10.8%、14.9%和14.7%。一辆配备化油器发动机的车辆出现故障，导致行驶过程中发动机舱内排放汽油。这辆车中源自汽油的VOC浓度测量值远高于保养良好的燃油喷射车辆，尤其是在通风极差的情况下。这些故障期间测得的车内最高苯浓度为45.2微克/立方米。前后行驶车辆中的空气浓度低25倍（1.8微克/立方米）。在这辆出现故障的汽车中，一名每天平均驾车93.2分钟的驾车者的苯接触量将为2.8（微克/立方米）·天，而在正常运行的车辆中为0.1（微克/立方米）·天。
