Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, EOHSI, RWJMS/UMDNJ, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Mar 19;184(1-2):58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.12.030. Epub 2010 Jan 6.
Benzene has been measured throughout the environment and is commonly emitted in several industrial and transportation settings leading to widespread environmental and occupational exposures. Inhalation is the most common exposure route but benzene rapidly penetrates the skin and can contaminant water and food resulting in dermal and ingestion exposures. While less toxic solvents have been substituted for benzene, it still is a component of petroleum products, including gasoline, and is a trace impurity in industrial products resulting in continued sub to low ppm occupational exposures, though higher exposures exist in small, uncontrolled workshops in developing countries. Emissions from gasoline/petrochemical industry are its main sources to the ambient air, but a person's total inhalation exposure can be elevated from emissions from cigarettes, consumer products and gasoline powered engines/tools stored in garages attached to homes. Air samples are collected in canisters or on adsorbent with subsequent quantification by gas chromatography. Ambient air concentrations vary from sub-ppb range, low ppb, and tens of ppb in rural/suburban, urban, and source impacted areas, respectively. Short-term environmental exposures of ppm occur during vehicle fueling. Indoor air concentrations of tens of ppb occur in microenvironments containing indoor sources. Occupational and environmental exposures have declined where regulations limit benzene in gasoline (<1%) and cigarette smoking has been banned from public and work places. Similar controls should be implemented worldwide to reduce benzene exposure. Biomarkers of benzene used to estimate exposure and risk include: benzene in breath, blood and urine; its urinary metabolites: phenol, t,t-muconic acid (t,tMA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (sPMA); and blood protein adducts. The biomarker studies suggest benzene environmental exposures are in the sub to low ppb range though non-benzene sources for urinary metabolites, differences in metabolic rates compared to occupational or animal doses, and the presence of polymorphisms need to be considered when evaluating risks from environmental exposures to individuals or potentially susceptible populations.
苯已在环境中进行了测量，并且通常在几个工业和运输环境中排放，导致广泛的环境和职业暴露。吸入是最常见的暴露途径，但苯迅速穿透皮肤，并可能污染水和食物，导致皮肤和摄入暴露。虽然已经用毒性较低的溶剂替代了苯，但它仍然是石油产品的组成部分，包括汽油，并且是工业产品中的痕量杂质，导致持续的亚ppm 至低 ppm 职业暴露，尽管在发展中国家的小型、不受控制的车间中存在更高的暴露。汽油/石化工业的排放是其向环境空气中的主要来源，但一个人通过香烟、消费品和储存在附属于家庭的车库中的汽油动力发动机/工具排放的总吸入暴露可能会增加。空气样本通过收集罐或吸附剂收集，随后通过气相色谱进行定量。环境空气中的浓度分别在农村/郊区、城市和受源影响地区的亚 ppm 范围内、低 ppm 和几十 ppm 范围内变化。在车辆加油期间会发生 ppm 级别的短期环境暴露。在含有室内源的微环境中，室内空气浓度会达到几十 ppm。在限制汽油中苯含量（<1%）和禁止在公共场所和工作场所吸烟的法规下，职业和环境暴露已经减少。应在全球范围内实施类似的控制措施，以减少苯暴露。用于估计暴露和风险的苯生物标志物包括：呼吸、血液和尿液中的苯；其尿代谢产物：苯酚、t，t-粘康酸（t，tMA）和 S-苯巯基尿酸（sPMA）；以及血液蛋白加合物。这些生物标志物研究表明，尽管尿液代谢物的非苯来源、与职业或动物剂量相比的代谢率差异以及多态性的存在需要考虑，但环境暴露的苯浓度处于亚 ppm 至低 ppm 范围内，评估个体或潜在易感人群的环境暴露风险。
