Pozio E, La Rosa G, Serrano F J, Barrat J, Rossi L
Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
Parasitology. 1996 Dec;113 ( Pt 6):527-33. doi: 10.1017/s0031182000067573.
Surveys on Trichinella parasites in domestic and sylvatic animals collected in France, Italy, and in the Extremadura region of Spain showed that the distribution of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi is influenced by both environmental and human behaviour factors. In France, both Trichinella species are prevalent in the fox population from mountain areas and natural parks but are infrequent in wild boars (< 0.001%). In Italy, only T. britovi is present in sylvatic animals (foxes, wolves, and mustelids) living 500 m above sea level. This species is rare in wild boars (< 0.001%) in that area. Sylvatic trichinellosis is found in only 24% and 34% of French and Italian territory, respectively, while lowland areas may generally be considered Trichinella-free, because the domestic cycle is absent. The ecology of T. spiralis and T. britovi in the Extremadura shows a different picture from that observed in France and Italy because of the presence of both domestic and sylvatic cycles. The domestic cycle not only allows the maintenance of T. spiralis in the domestic environment, but it also has a great impact on the prevalence in wild boar populations. It does not influence the prevalence in vulpine populations. These data suggest (1) that domestic trichinellosis occurs only in rural areas of Western Europe in association with traditional swine-rearing practices, but not in industrialized pig farms; (2) that sylvatic trichinellosis occurs only in natural habitats which, in Western Europe, are widespread in mountain areas; (3) that the fox is the primary reservoir in the sylvatic cycle, where the parasite is maintained in a closed circuit and (4) that among sylvatic animals T. spiralis is present at lower altitude than is T. britovi.
对在法国、意大利以及西班牙埃斯特雷马杜拉地区采集的家畜和野生动物体内的旋毛虫寄生虫进行的调查显示，旋毛形线虫和布氏旋毛虫的分布受环境和人类行为因素的影响。在法国，这两种旋毛虫在山区和自然公园的狐狸种群中普遍存在，但在野猪中很少见（<0.001%）。在意大利，仅布氏旋毛虫存在于海拔500米以上的野生动物（狐狸、狼和鼬科动物）中。该物种在该地区的野猪中很罕见（<0.001%）。在法国和意大利，分别只有24%和34%的地区发现野生动物旋毛虫病，而低地地区通常可被视为无旋毛虫地区，因为不存在家畜传播循环。由于存在家畜和野生动物传播循环，埃斯特雷马杜拉地区的旋毛形线虫和布氏旋毛虫的生态情况与在法国和意大利观察到的不同。家畜传播循环不仅使旋毛形线虫在家畜环境中得以维持，而且对野猪种群中的流行率也有很大影响。它不影响狐狸种群中的流行率。这些数据表明：（1）家畜旋毛虫病仅在西欧农村地区与传统养猪方式相关的情况下发生，而在工业化养猪场中不发生；（2）野生动物旋毛虫病仅发生在自然栖息地，在西欧，这些栖息地广泛分布在山区；（3）狐狸是野生动物传播循环中的主要宿主，寄生虫在其中以封闭循环的方式维持；（4）在野生动物中，旋毛形线虫比布氏旋毛虫出现在更低的海拔高度。
