Li Y, Crompton R H, Alexander R M, Günther M M, Wang W J
Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, UK.
Folia Primatol (Basel). 1996;66(1-4):137-59. doi: 10.1159/000157191.
Bipedal walking by common chimpanzees is known to differ both kinematically and kinetically from human bipedalism, in particular by the adoption of flexed-knee gaits and characteristically single-peaked vertical ground reaction force curves. This study provides a test of the proposition that the two former mechanical characteristics are functionally related. Further, it examines the pattern of forces occurring during normal human bipedal walking at slow, normal and fast velocities; and during walking imitating bipedal walking of the common chimpanzee, by both male and female human adults and children. The data suggest naturally reared chimpanzees walk with greater lateral forces than do adult humans walking erect. Women show greater variance in force parameters than do men; and children more than do adults, but men walk with greater vertical accelerations of the centre of mass, and sharper peaks of sagittal acceleration and deceleration than women. Data from both forceplate and pressure-pad records suggest that young children (and a chimpanzee for which forceplate data was available) accelerate using the heel, rather than the anterior part of the foot. A principal component analysis of Fourier coefficients for the force curves shows that forces produced by adults imitating chimpanzee gaits are intermediate between those produced in normal human gait and those produced by 'real' chimpanzees, confirming a functional connection between knee and hip kinematics during bipedal walking and the shape of the vertical ground reaction force curve. Human flexed-knee, flexed-hip walking is found to produce in-phase fluctuations in potential and kinetic energies, preventing the energy exchange which obtains in erect walking. Finally, computer simulations of bipedal walking indicate that kinematics are more influential determinants of ground reaction forces than are body parameters.
已知普通黑猩猩的双足行走在运动学和动力学方面都与人类双足行走不同，特别是通过采用屈膝步态和典型的单峰垂直地面反作用力曲线。本研究对前两个力学特征在功能上相关这一命题进行了检验。此外，它还研究了正常人类双足行走在慢速、正常和快速速度下以及在模仿普通黑猩猩双足行走时，成年男女和儿童行走过程中产生的力的模式。数据表明，自然饲养的黑猩猩行走时产生的侧向力比直立行走的成年人类更大。女性在力参数方面的变化比男性更大；儿童比成年人更大，但男性行走时质心的垂直加速度更大，矢状面加速度和减速度的峰值比女性更尖锐。来自测力板和压力垫记录的数据表明，幼儿（以及有测力板数据的一只黑猩猩）用脚跟加速，而不是用脚的前部。对力曲线的傅里叶系数进行主成分分析表明，模仿黑猩猩步态的成年人产生的力介于正常人类步态产生的力和“真正”黑猩猩产生的力之间，证实了双足行走过程中膝盖和臀部运动学与垂直地面反作用力曲线形状之间的功能联系。发现人类屈膝、屈髋行走会在势能和动能中产生同相波动，阻止了直立行走中出现的能量交换。最后，双足行走的计算机模拟表明，运动学比身体参数更能影响地面反作用力的决定因素。
