Wilkinson S, Garrard E
University of Keele, Staffordshire.
J Med Ethics. 1996 Dec;22(6):334-9. doi: 10.1136/jme.22.6.334.
Existing arguments against paid organ donation are examined and found to be unconvincing. It is argued that the real reason why organ sale is generally thought to be wrong is that (a) bodily integrity is highly valued and (b) the removal of healthy organs constitutes a violation of this integrity. Both sale and (free) donation involve a violation of bodily integrity. In the case of the latter, though, the disvalue of the violation is typically outweighed by the presence of other goods: chiefly, the extreme altruism involved in the giving. There is usually no such outweighing feature in the case of the former. Given this, the idea that we value bodily integrity can help to account for the perceived moral difference between sale and free donation.
对现有的反对有偿器官捐赠的观点进行了审视，发现这些观点并不令人信服。有人认为，器官买卖通常被认为是错误的真正原因在于：（a）身体完整性受到高度重视，以及（b）摘除健康器官构成了对这种完整性的侵犯。买卖和（无偿）捐赠都涉及对身体完整性的侵犯。然而，就后者而言，这种侵犯的负面价值通常被其他好处所抵消：主要是捐赠行为中所包含的极端利他主义。而在前者的情况下，通常不存在这样能抵消负面价值的特征。鉴于此，我们重视身体完整性这一观点有助于解释在买卖和无偿捐赠之间所察觉到的道德差异。
