Li Y
Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
Food Chem Toxicol. 1996 Sep;34(9):887-904. doi: 10.1016/s0278-6915(96)00044-0.
Peroxides have been used in tooth whitening for more than 100 years. Current peroxide-containing whiteners can be classified into three categories: (1) those containing high concentrations of peroxides for professional use only; (2) materials dispensed by dentists and used by patients at home; and (3) over-the-counter products available directly to consumers for home use. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and carbamide peroxide are the most commonly used active ingredients in these whiteners. Both peroxides have long been used safely in oral health products and are accepted by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, questions have been raised regarding the safety of at-home whiteners because the peroxides appear to constitute a new use. Substantial differences exist in the manner of application between at-home whiteners and oral health products. In addition, tooth whiteners are a mixture of various ingredients; possible interactions may occur because of the active nature of peroxides. Therefore, the safety evidence for peroxide-containing whiteners is considered inadequate. This paper will review the history of using peroxides for tooth whitening, the toxicology of H2O2 and carbamide peroxide, and available information on the safety of whiteners. The rationale and approaches for evaluating biological properties of peroxide containing whiteners are also discussed.
过氧化物用于牙齿美白已有100多年的历史。目前含过氧化物的美白剂可分为三类：（1）仅含高浓度过氧化物供专业使用的产品；（2）由牙医分发、患者在家使用的材料；（3）直接供消费者在家使用的非处方产品。过氧化氢（H2O2）和过氧化脲是这些美白剂中最常用的活性成分。这两种过氧化物长期以来在口腔卫生产品中安全使用，并得到美国食品药品监督管理局的认可。然而，由于过氧化物似乎构成了一种新的用途，人们对家用美白剂的安全性提出了质疑。家用美白剂与口腔卫生产品在使用方式上存在很大差异。此外，牙齿美白剂是多种成分的混合物；由于过氧化物的活性性质，可能会发生相互作用。因此，含过氧化物美白剂的安全证据被认为是不充分的。本文将回顾过氧化物用于牙齿美白的历史、H2O2和过氧化脲的毒理学以及美白剂安全性的现有信息。还讨论了评估含过氧化物美白剂生物学特性的基本原理和方法。
