Spellman B A, Holyoak K J
Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Mezes 330, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
Cogn Psychol. 1996 Dec;31(3):307-46. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1996.0019.
Theories of analogical reasoning differ in the roles they ascribe to pragmatic factors as a source of constraints on analogical mappings. The multiconstraint theory as instantiated in the ACME model (Holyoak & Thagard, 1989a) claims that pragmatic constraints interact with structural and semantic constraints within the mapping stage itself, in addition to influencing pre-mapping and post-mapping stages. Participants in three experiments were asked to generate mappings between non-isomorphic analogs for which mappings for some elements were ambiguous on structural grounds. In all experiments, manipulations of participants' processing goals influenced their preferred mappings. At the same time, goal-irrelevant information contributed to many-to-one mappings (Experiments 1 and 2) and to the resolution of mappings that were ambiguous on the basis of goal-relevant information alone (Experiment 3). The qualitative pattern of results was successfully simulated using the ACME model, implementing the impact of processing goals as an inhibitory process of selective attention.
类比推理理论在它们赋予语用因素的角色上存在差异，语用因素被视为类比映射约束的一个来源。以ACME模型（霍利约克和撒加德，1989a）为例的多约束理论声称，语用约束除了影响映射前和映射后阶段外，还在映射阶段本身与结构和语义约束相互作用。三项实验的参与者被要求在非同构类比之间生成映射，其中一些元素的映射在结构上是模糊的。在所有实验中，对参与者处理目标的操纵影响了他们偏好的映射。同时，与目标无关的信息促成了多对一映射（实验1和2），并促成了仅基于与目标相关信息而模糊的映射的解决（实验3）。使用ACME模型成功模拟了结果的定性模式，将处理目标的影响实现为选择性注意的抑制过程。
