Howard M O, Kivlahan D, Walker R D
National Center of Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
J Stud Alcohol. 1997 Jan;58(1):48-66. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1997.58.48.
To evaluate studies that applied Cloninger's tridimensional theory of personality to substance abusers.
Medline and PsychInfo data bases were searched for studies published between 1986 and mid-1995 that used the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). A supplemental manual search was conducted to identify additional evaluations of the tridimensional theory. Reports were reviewed if they included substance abusers or related tridimensional traits to substance use measures.
Factor analyses did not consistently support the tridimensionality of the TPQ. Novelty Seeking (NS) traits distinguished alcoholics from nonalcoholics, Type B and Type 2 alcoholics from their Type A and Type 1 counterparts, smokers from nonsmokers, and individuals (substance abusers and nonabusers) with and without antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Tridimensional traits independently predicted early onset alcohol abuse and serious delinquency in studies that did not employ the TPQ and were significantly associated with concurrent substance abuse among adolescents. Most studies that compared nonalcoholic youth with positive and negative family histories of alcoholism reported nonsignificant TPQ differences or very small effects. Few alcoholics, cigarette smokers or sons of alcoholics displayed Type 1 (low novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, high reward dependence) or Type 2 (high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance, low reward dependence) TPQ profiles, but rarely were levels of tridimensional traits determined by reference to established norms.
NS predicts early onset alcohol abuse and criminality and discriminates alcoholics exhibiting antisocial behavior and persons with ASPD from their nonantisocial counterparts. Findings for the Harm Avoidance (HA) and Reward Dependence TPQ subscales are much less consistent. Some support for the role of elevated HA in intensity of substance use has been adduced. At present, the utility of the TPQ for prevention or clinical purposes is not well established.
评估将克隆宁格人格三维理论应用于药物滥用者的研究。
检索Medline和PsychInfo数据库，查找1986年至1995年年中发表的使用三维人格问卷（TPQ）的研究。进行了补充手工检索，以确定对三维理论的其他评估。如果报告包括药物滥用者或将三维特质与药物使用测量相关联，则对其进行审查。
因素分析并不一致支持TPQ的三维性。寻求新奇（NS）特质可区分酗酒者与非酗酒者、B型和2型酗酒者与其A型和1型对应者、吸烟者与非吸烟者，以及有无反社会人格障碍（ASPD）的个体（药物滥用者和非滥用者）。在未使用TPQ的研究中，三维特质可独立预测早期酒精滥用和严重犯罪行为，并且与青少年时期的并发药物滥用显著相关。大多数比较有和没有酒精中毒阳性和阴性家族史的非酗酒青年的研究报告称，TPQ差异不显著或影响非常小。很少有酗酒者、吸烟者或酗酒者的儿子表现出1型（低寻求新奇、高回避伤害、高奖赏依赖）或2型（高寻求新奇、低回避伤害、低奖赏依赖）TPQ特征，但很少根据既定规范确定三维特质水平。
NS可预测早期酒精滥用和犯罪行为，并区分表现出反社会行为的酗酒者和患有ASPD的人与未患反社会行为的对应者。回避伤害（HA）和奖赏依赖TPQ子量表的研究结果则不太一致。已提出一些证据支持升高的HA在药物使用强度中的作用。目前，TPQ在预防或临床目的方面的效用尚未得到充分确立。
