Yamaguchi A, Hisano M
Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Tokyo.
Shinrigaku Kenkyu. 1996 Aug;67(3):195-203. doi: 10.4992/jjpsy.67.195.
Personality traits have a structure that is hierarchically organized in terms of trait abstractness. Which level of the hierarchy is most available to the person perceiver? We started out with four levels, and tried to determine which was most available and therefore became the "basic level", as in the Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, and Boyes-Braem's natural categories (1976). Two methods were employed. First, rating of trait descriptiveness showed that information effectiveness was relatively high at the second level from the top. Second, subjects preferred the same level when they described target persons. These results suggested that a "basic level" indeed existed in the hierarchy of personality traits. However, social desirability of traits and who the target person was also affected the results. Implications are discussed about theories of cognitive style, especially cognitive complexity, which assume the generality of our cognitive system and have been in confusion with contradictory findings.
人格特质具有一种根据特质抽象程度进行层次组织的结构。对于人格感知者而言，层次结构中的哪个层级最容易被获取呢？我们最初设定了四个层级，并试图确定哪个层级最容易被获取，进而成为“基本层级”，就如同罗施、默维斯、格雷、约翰逊和博伊斯 - 布雷姆（1976年）提出的自然类别那样。我们采用了两种方法。首先，特质描述性评分显示，从顶层数的第二个层级的信息有效性相对较高。其次，当受试者描述目标人物时，他们偏好同一个层级。这些结果表明，在人格特质层次结构中确实存在一个“基本层级”。然而，特质的社会期望性以及目标人物是谁也会影响结果。我们讨论了这些结果对于认知风格理论，尤其是认知复杂性理论的启示，这些理论假定了我们认知系统的普遍性，并且一直因相互矛盾的研究结果而陷入混乱。
