Windholz G, Wyrwicka W
Dept. of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Charlotte 28223, USA.
Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1996 Oct-Dec;31(4):338-49. doi: 10.1007/BF02691437.
Two Warsaw medical students, Jerzy Konorski and Stefan Miller, having read I.P. Pavlov's works on conditional reflexes, informed him in a 1928 letter that they had discovered a new type of conditioning. A previously neutral stimulus preceded the passive lifting of a dog's paw which then was followed by feeding; this stimulus then evoked the spontaneous raising of that paw. Pavlov responded informing them that their conditioning of motor responses expanded his theory of higher nervous activity, but that their conditioning paradigm-that they named CRII-did not differ fundamentally from the Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. The replication of the Warsaw experiment in Pavlov's laboratory failed to provide unequivocal results. From 1931 to 1933, Konorski, working in Pavlov's Leningrad laboratory, further explored the parameters of CRII. Pavlov insisted that the conditioning of motor movements differs from the conditioning of other sensory analyzers only in that, on the neural level, the motor analyzer is both afferent, that is, perceptive, and efferent, that is, responsive. Konorski was not convinced, and he subsequently maintained that the two conditioning paradigms were fundamentally different.
两位华沙医科学生，耶日·科诺尔斯基和斯特凡·米勒，在阅读了伊万·彼德罗维奇·巴甫洛夫关于条件反射的著作后，于1928年写信告诉他，他们发现了一种新的条件作用类型。在被动抬起狗的爪子之前，先出现一个先前中性的刺激，然后给狗喂食；这个刺激随后引发了那只爪子的自发抬起。巴甫洛夫回信告知他们，他们对运动反应的条件作用扩展了他的高级神经活动理论，但他们的条件作用范式——他们称之为CRII——与巴甫洛夫条件作用范式并无根本区别。在巴甫洛夫实验室对华沙实验的重复未能得出明确的结果。1931年至1933年，科诺尔斯基在巴甫洛夫位于列宁格勒的实验室工作，进一步探索了CRII的参数。巴甫洛夫坚持认为，运动动作的条件作用与其他感觉分析器的条件作用的不同之处仅在于，在神经层面上，运动分析器既是传入的，即感知性的，也是传出的，即反应性的。科诺尔斯基并不信服，他随后坚持认为这两种条件作用范式存在根本差异。
