Brenneis C B
University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1996;44(4):1165-87. doi: 10.1177/000306519604400409.
Increasingly, psychoanalysis has confronted the issue of recovered memories of childhood trauma. Based on trauma research, the concept of a special traumatic memory has evolved. Overwhelming psychic experience is thought to generate a defensively altered state of consciousness (specifically dissociation), which encodes memory in unassimilated visual, somatic, and behavioral, rather than linguistic modes. Analytic reevocation and interpretation of the original altered states of consciousness then permits the transformation of "early" traumatic memory into "later" explicit memory. Examined from the vantage point of contemporary cognitive research and theory, underlying flaws may be found in these propositions when they are extended to patients without explicit memory of trauma: first, dissociation is a chameleonlike process, perhaps as closely associated with suggestibility as with trauma; second, state-dependent learning does not adequately account for the absence of explicit memory; and third, implicit memory does not map onto explicit memory in any direct or simple fashion. Consequently, the clinical application of current propositions about traumatic memory to patients without explicit memory of trauma may warrant considerable caution. Provisional guidelines are offered for estimating the validity of retrieved memories of trauma.
精神分析越来越多地面临着童年创伤恢复记忆的问题。基于创伤研究，一种特殊创伤记忆的概念已经演变。强烈的心理体验被认为会产生一种防御性改变的意识状态（特别是解离），它以未被同化的视觉、躯体和行为模式而非语言模式对记忆进行编码。对原始改变的意识状态进行分析性唤起和解释，然后允许将“早期”创伤记忆转化为“后期”的显性记忆。从当代认知研究和理论的角度审视，当这些命题扩展到没有明确创伤记忆的患者时，可能会发现其潜在缺陷：首先，解离是一个变色龙般的过程，可能与暗示性的关联和与创伤的关联一样紧密；其次，状态依赖学习不能充分解释显性记忆的缺失；第三，内隐记忆与显性记忆之间不存在任何直接或简单的映射关系。因此，将当前关于创伤记忆的命题临床应用于没有明确创伤记忆的患者可能需要相当谨慎。本文提供了临时指南，用于评估所恢复的创伤记忆的有效性。
