Hutterer Jeffrey, Liss Miriam
Jamaica Hospital, Queens, NY, USA.
J Am Acad Psychoanal Dyn Psychiatry. 2006 Summer;34(2):287-302. doi: 10.1521/jaap.2006.34.2.287.
The goal of Freud's Project was to place all psychological functioning on a neurological foundation; however, the resources of his time were inadequate for the task. This article attempts to link basic psychoanalytic and behavioral constructs to current neuroscience, specifically the memory paradigm of multiple trace theory. We propose that Freud's theory of early cognitive development, in which primary process is succeeded by secondary process, corresponds to the progression from a noncontextual taxon-based memory system to a locale system (mediated by hippocampal and cortical structures) in which memories are formed within space/time contexts. The effects of trauma within these models is then examined by noting how Freud's views of repression and regression parallel neuropsychological hypotheses about the ways in which traumatic experience impacts specific brain areas. Finally, the treatment implications of this theoretical synthesis are explored. We posit that transference resembles the learning theory construct of generalization, and the non-contextualized coding of the taxon system. In conclusion, we suggest that orthodox psychoanalytic approaches may have overestimated the efficacy of words and intellectual vectors in effecting therapeutic change. Nonverbal strategies may be required to reach material that is stored in early developing brain areas that may be inaccessible to words.
弗洛伊德的《科学心理学设计》的目标是将所有心理功能建立在神经学基础之上；然而，他那个时代的资源不足以完成这项任务。本文试图将基本的精神分析和行为结构与当前的神经科学联系起来，特别是多重痕迹理论的记忆范式。我们认为，弗洛伊德的早期认知发展理论，即初级过程被次级过程所取代，对应于从基于非情境分类群的记忆系统到局部系统（由海马体和皮质结构介导）的发展过程，在局部系统中，记忆是在空间/时间背景下形成的。然后，通过指出弗洛伊德关于压抑和退行的观点如何与关于创伤经历影响特定脑区方式的神经心理学假设相似，来研究这些模型中创伤的影响。最后，探讨这种理论综合的治疗意义。我们认为，移情类似于学习理论中的泛化结构以及分类群系统的非情境化编码。总之，我们认为正统的精神分析方法可能高估了言语和智力因素在实现治疗改变方面的功效。可能需要非言语策略来触及存储在早期发育的脑区中、言语可能无法触及的材料。
