Miller D L, Thomas R M
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1996;22(8):1089-95. doi: 10.1016/s0301-5629(96)00126-3.
Fresh canine whole blood was exposed in 1.3-mL disposable pipette bulbs with or without added Albunex contrast agent to lithotripter shock waves (rate: 2 Hz; mean pressure amplitude: 14.8 MPa) or 1.28-MHz high-intensity focused ultrasound up to a mean pressure amplitude of 17.8 MPa. Significant shock-wave-induced hemolysis up to about 10% was detected after 500 or more shock waves without added agent, after 200 with 1% added agent and after 100 with 10% added contrast agent. Hemolysis was increased somewhat with added contrast agent, but this enhancement was not statistically significant. For ultrasound exposure, significant hemolysis approaching 100% was detected for 100-ms continuous exposure at 17.8 MPa without added gas bodies. Addition of 1% contrast agent enhanced the hemolysis by reducing the apparent threshold to 10 MPa. Burst mode exposure with a 100-ms total on-time (20 microseconds, 100 microseconds and 1-ms bursts) also yielded hemolysis enhancement with added contrast agent, with results similar to the 100-ms continuous exposure. The added gas bodies appear to lower cavitation thresholds by serving as cavitation nuclei in the blood.
将新鲜犬全血置于1.3毫升一次性移液管球泡中，分别添加或不添加Albunex造影剂，然后暴露于碎石机冲击波（频率：2赫兹；平均压力幅值：14.8兆帕）或1.28兆赫高强度聚焦超声下，超声的平均压力幅值可达17.8兆帕。在未添加造影剂的情况下，经过500次或更多次冲击波作用后，检测到高达约10%的显著冲击波诱导溶血；添加1%造影剂后，200次冲击波作用后出现溶血；添加10%造影剂后，100次冲击波作用后出现溶血。添加造影剂后溶血有所增加，但这种增强在统计学上不显著。对于超声暴露，在17.8兆帕下连续暴露100毫秒且未添加气体时，检测到接近100%的显著溶血。添加1%造影剂可通过将表观阈值降低至10兆帕来增强溶血。采用总开启时间为100毫秒（20微秒、100微秒和1毫秒脉冲串）的脉冲模式暴露时，添加造影剂也会增强溶血，结果与100毫秒连续暴露相似。添加的气体似乎通过在血液中充当空化核来降低空化阈值。
