Dalecki D, Raeman C H, Child S Z, Cox C, Francis C W, Meltzer R S, Carstensen E L
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1997;23(2):307-13. doi: 10.1016/s0301-5629(96)00203-7.
Ultrasonically induced hemolysis in vivo when a commercial ultrasound contrast agent, Albunex, was present in the blood. Murine hearts were exposed for 5 min at either 1.15 or 2.35 MHz with a pulse length of 10 microseconds and pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz. During the exposure period, four boluses of Albunex were injected into a tail vein for a total of approximately 0.1 mL of Albunex. Following exposure, blood was collected by heart puncture and centrifuged, and the plasma was analyzed for hemoglobin concentration. With Albunex present in the blood, the threshold for hemolysis at 1.15 MHz was 3.0 +/- 0.8 MPa (mean +/- SD) peak positive pressure (approximately 1.9 MPa negative pressure, approximately 180 W cm-2 pulse average intensity). For the highest exposure levels (10 MPa peak positive pressure at the surface of the animal), the mean value for hemolysis was approximately 4% at 1.15 MHz and 0.46% at 2.35 MHz, i.e., the threshold at 2.35 MHz is > 10 MPa peak positive pressure. In contrast, hemolysis in control mice receiving saline injections at 10 MPa or sham-exposed (0 MPa) mice receiving Albunex was approximately 0.4%.
当血液中存在市售超声造影剂Albunex时，体内会发生超声诱导的溶血现象。将小鼠心脏以1.15或2.35 MHz的频率暴露5分钟，脉冲长度为10微秒，脉冲重复频率为100 Hz。在暴露期间，将四剂Albunex注入尾静脉，总量约为0.1 mL。暴露后，通过心脏穿刺收集血液并离心，分析血浆中的血红蛋白浓度。当血液中存在Albunex时，1.15 MHz下溶血的阈值为3.0 +/- 0.8 MPa（平均值+/-标准差）峰值正压（约1.9 MPa负压，约180 W cm-2脉冲平均强度）。对于最高暴露水平（动物体表10 MPa峰值正压），1.15 MHz下溶血的平均值约为4%，2.35 MHz下为0.46%，即2.35 MHz下的阈值大于10 MPa峰值正压。相比之下，接受10 MPa盐水注射的对照小鼠或接受Albunex假暴露（0 MPa）的小鼠的溶血率约为0.4%。
