Outcome of 'whiplash' neck injury.

Psychological factors have been alleged to be important in the course and outcome of 'whiplash' neck injury but there is little quantitative evidence. This study uses quantitative methods involving a prospective interview assessment to describe psychological and quality of life predictors, and 3 and 12 month outcome. Consecutive attenders to the Accident and Emergency department of a teaching district hospital with a clinical diagnosis of 'whiplash' neck injury were included and there were follow-up interviews at home. Neck symptoms were recorded, and there was a standard mental-state interview with added questions about post-traumatic symptoms and a semi-structured interview for disability and consequences for quality of life. There was a wide individual variation in course and outcome; the majority of subjects complained of persistent neck symptoms and a sizeable minority reported specific post-traumatic psychological symptoms (intrusive memory, phobic travel anxiety), similar to those described by patients suffering multiple injuries. Social impairment, including effects on travel, were considerable in one-quarter. Reports of persistent neck symptoms were not associated with any baseline psychological variables or with compensation proceedings; psychological factors appeared to be more important in determining the extent of social impairment. We conclude that travel, social and psychological morbidity is substantially greater than previously recognized.