Katz J, Tielsch J M, Sommer A
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2103, USA.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997 Feb;38(2):334-40.
To estimate the prevalence of refractive errors among adult black and white Americans and to identify risk factors associated with these refractive errors.
Refractive error was measured in a population-based sample of black and white adults age 40 or older residing in east Baltimore from 1985 through 1988. Aphakic eyes were excluded from analysis.
The prevalence of myopia varied from 10.5% among black men 80 years and older to 42.1% among white women 40 to 49 years of age. Hyperopia ranged from 11.8% among black men 40 to 49 years to 68.1% among white men 80 years of age and older. Astigmatism ranged from 15.8% to 45.2%, and anisometropia ranged from 2.8% to 8.1%, depending on age, race, and gender. Black persons had less myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia than did white persons. Myopia (< -0.5 diopter [D] spherical equivalent) declined with age, whereas hyperopia (> +0.5 D), astigmatism (> 0.5 D of cylinder), and anisometropia (> 1.0 D between eyes) increased with age. Myopia increased with increasing years of education, although this association was stronger for white persons than for black persons and among younger subjects. Hyperopia declined with increasing years of education, and this association was stronger among younger than older subjects. Education was not associated with astigmatism or anisometropia.
Black persons had lower rates of refractive error than did white persons, except for hyperopia prevalence, which was comparable in black and white women. Refractive errors are common among adult inner city Americans, but rates vary substantially by age, race, gender, and education levels.
评估美国成年黑人和白人屈光不正的患病率，并确定与这些屈光不正相关的危险因素。
对1985年至1988年居住在巴尔的摩东部、年龄在40岁及以上的黑人和白人成年人进行基于人群的抽样，测量其屈光不正情况。无晶状体眼被排除在分析之外。
近视患病率从80岁及以上黑人男性的10.5%到40至49岁白人女性的42.1%不等。远视患病率从40至49岁黑人男性的11.8%到80岁及以上白人男性的68.1%不等。散光患病率从15.8%到45.2%不等，屈光参差患病率从2.8%到8.1%不等，具体取决于年龄、种族和性别。黑人的近视、远视、散光和屈光参差患病率低于白人。近视（球镜等效度数＜-0.5屈光度[D]）随年龄增长而下降，而远视（＞+0.5 D）、散光（柱镜度数＞0.5 D）和屈光参差（双眼度数差＞1.0 D）随年龄增长而增加。近视随受教育年限增加而增加，尽管这种关联在白人中比在黑人中更强，且在年轻受试者中更明显。远视随受教育年限增加而下降，且这种关联在年轻受试者中比在年长受试者中更强。受教育程度与散光或屈光参差无关。
黑人的屈光不正患病率低于白人，但远视患病率在黑人和白人女性中相当。屈光不正在美国成年城市居民中很常见，但患病率因年龄、种族、性别和教育水平而有很大差异。
