Galloway G P, Frederick S L, Staggers F E, Gonzales M, Stalcup S A, Smith D E
Haight-Ashbury Free Clinics, San Francisco, California, USA.
Addiction. 1997 Jan;92(1):89-96.
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a compound found in mammalian brain which meets many criteria of a neurotransmitter. GHB has been investigated as a tool for inducing absence (petit mal) seizures, for use as an anesthetic, and for treatment of narcolepsy, alcohol dependence and opiate dependence. Since 1990 GHB has been abused in the United States for euphoric, sedative and anabolic effects. Coma and seizures have been reported following abuse of GHB, but dependence liability has received little attention. The neuropharmacology, potential therapeutic uses and acute adverse effects of GHB are reviewed, followed by a case series of eight people using GHB. Adverse effects of GHB may include prolonged abuse, seizure activity and a withdrawal syndrome. This withdrawal syndrome includes insomnia, anxiety and tremor; withdrawal symptoms resolve in 3-12 days. GHB has the potential to cause a significant incidence of abuse and adverse effects. Prolonged use of high doses may lead to a withdrawal syndrome, which resolves without sequelae. Educational efforts should address the narrow therapeutic index, possible physical dependence and dangers of combining GHB with other drugs of abuse.
γ-羟基丁酸（GHB）是一种存在于哺乳动物大脑中的化合物，符合神经递质的多项标准。GHB已被作为一种诱发失神（小发作）性癫痫的工具、一种麻醉剂以及用于治疗发作性睡病、酒精依赖和阿片类药物依赖进行研究。自1990年以来，GHB在美国被滥用，以产生欣快感、镇静作用和合成代谢作用。滥用GHB后曾有昏迷和癫痫发作的报告，但对其成瘾性关注较少。本文综述了GHB的神经药理学、潜在治疗用途和急性不良反应，随后是一个关于8名使用GHB者的病例系列。GHB的不良反应可能包括长期滥用、癫痫活动和戒断综合征。这种戒断综合征包括失眠、焦虑和震颤；戒断症状在3至12天内缓解。GHB有导致大量滥用和不良反应的可能性。长期大剂量使用可能导致戒断综合征，该综合征可自行缓解且无后遗症。教育工作应关注其狭窄的治疗指数、可能的身体依赖性以及将GHB与其他滥用药物合用的危险。
