Dvir Z
Department of Physical Therapy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
Clin Rehabil. 1997 Feb;11(1):36-41. doi: 10.1177/026921559701100106.
To compare the static moment of force required for a muscle group to support a limb segment against gravity with the maximal dynamic moment it can generate.
Based on anthropometric measures of both sexes and theoretical calculations, the estimated anti-gravity static muscular moments (MGM) at the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints were compared with published data relating to the isokinetic strength (MIM) of the same muscle groups.
The ratio of static to dynamic moment, MGM/MIM, was drastically higher in muscles operating on the proximal compared with the more distal joints. In women, the values of this ratio in the shoulder, hip, elbow and knee muscles were 7-27%, 5-65%, 7% and 5-10% respectively. The corresponding figures in men were 7-21%, 4-44%, 8-10% and 5-8%. The ratios relating to the abductors, flexors and extensors of the hip joint were substantially higher in women than in men.
Since MGM and MIM correspond to grades 3 and 5 in manual muscle testing, the findings of this theoretical analysis indicate that elbow and knee muscles assessed as having grade 4 may generate as low as 10% of their maximal strength. With regard to shoulder and hip muscles the corresponding values are typically around 20% and 30-40% Coupled with the very limited human precision in sensing of force, these findings indicate that where quantitative targets in muscle strength conditioning are set or when an accurate measure of impairment is being sought, grade 4 cannot and should not serve as a valid criterion.
比较肌肉群支撑肢体节段对抗重力所需的静态力矩与该肌肉群能产生的最大动态力矩。
基于两性的人体测量学指标和理论计算，将肩部、肘部、髋部和膝关节处估计的抗重力静态肌肉力矩（MGM）与已发表的关于相同肌肉群等速力量（MIM）的数据进行比较。
与较远端关节相比，在近端关节起作用的肌肉中，静态力矩与动态力矩之比MGM/MIM要高得多。在女性中，肩部、髋部、肘部和膝部肌肉的该比值分别为7 - 27%、5 - 65%、7%和5 - 10%。男性相应的数据为7 - 21%、4 - 44%、8 - 10%和5 - 8%。女性髋关节外展肌、屈肌和伸肌的比值显著高于男性。
由于MGM和MIM分别对应徒手肌力测试中的3级和5级，该理论分析结果表明，评定为4级的肘部和膝部肌肉可能仅产生其最大力量的10%。对于肩部和髋部肌肉，相应的值通常约为20%以及30 - 40%。考虑到人类在感知力量方面的精度非常有限，这些结果表明，在设定肌肉力量训练的定量目标或寻求损伤的准确测量时，4级不能也不应作为有效的标准。
