Harris L J, Snyder P J
Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
Brain Lang. 1997 Feb 15;56(3):377-96. doi: 10.1006/brln.1997.1745.
In 1949, the neurologist Juhn Wada reported the first use of a new procedure for determining the localization of speech and language in neurological patients: examination of the effects on speech and language after injecting a barbiturate, sodium amytal, into the internal carotid artery of each hemisphere in succession. By the 1960's, Wada's Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure, or IAP, had become the method of choice for identifying the speech-dominant side in one kind of neurological patient, persons with epilepsy who are candidates for surgical resection, and it remains so today. In 1941, however, an American neurosurgeon, W. James Gardner, reported his use of a different anesthetization procedure for speech localization in neurological patients. Instead of injecting sodium amytal through the blood supply, as in IAP, Gardner injected procaine hydrochloride directly into cortical tissue. In this paper, we provide a brief biography of Gardner. We then discuss his method of cortical anesthetization, the theoretical and empirical background guiding his use of this method and his choice of patients, and, finally, the fate of Gardner's method within the scientific community.
1949年，神经学家朱恩·瓦达报告了首次使用一种新程序来确定神经疾病患者言语和语言的定位：依次向每个半球的颈内动脉注射巴比妥酸盐——戊巴比妥钠，然后检查其对言语和语言的影响。到20世纪60年代，瓦达的颈动脉注射异戊巴比妥试验（IAP）已成为确定一类神经疾病患者（即适合手术切除的癫痫患者）语言优势半球的首选方法，且这一地位一直持续至今。然而，1941年，美国神经外科医生W.詹姆斯·加德纳报告了他在神经疾病患者中使用不同麻醉程序进行语言定位的情况。与IAP中通过血液供应注射戊巴比妥钠不同，加德纳将盐酸普鲁卡因直接注射到皮质组织中。在本文中，我们简要介绍了加德纳的生平。然后我们讨论了他的皮质麻醉方法、指导他使用这种方法及其患者选择的理论和实证背景，最后讨论了加德纳的方法在科学界的命运。
