Mariscoli M, Jaggy A
Institute of Animal Neurology, University of Berne, Switzerland.
Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1997 Mar;44(1):1-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1997.tb00945.x.
In the present study medical records of 97 dogs with inflammatory/infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including 26 dogs with a history of seizures, were retrospectively examined. The aims of the study were to analyse the incidence rate of seizures, to search for criteria to recognize specific inflammatory diseases and to determine how far electroencephalography may be useful in the early confirmation of encephalitis and encephalitis-associated seizures. The incidence rate of seizures in this dog population was 26.8%, and dogs with protozoal encephalitis had the highest rate. Signalment, history, extraneural and neurological signs including localization contributed only a little to a specific diagnosis. Surprisingly focal clinical signs were observed in two-thirds of the dogs. Either focal or multifocal clinical signs were related mainly to the forebrain in dogs with a history of seizures and to the brainstem in dogs without seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses were useful to separate encephalitis from other CNS diseases and to distinguish certain conditions from others in approximately half the cases. Electroencephalography (EEG) revealed two distinct patterns in 25 examined dogs with histopathologically confirmed disease entities, which were characterized by high voltage, slow activity (HVSA) with superimposed low voltage, fast activity (LVFA). These changes were consistent and no significant differences (P > 0.05) between dogs with and without seizures, nor between different disease entities, were noted. However, all the dogs with seizures had in addition a uniform paroxysmal EEG activity with a high voltage (mean = 106.3 microV), fast activity (mean = 8.5 Hz) pattern. Moreover in several dogs from the present study this pattern had a focal distribution despite the fact that clinically seizures appear generalized. Therefore it was concluded that EEG may be a very helpful diagnostic tool to confirm an early diagnosis of encephalitis and to separate potential seizure cases from those without seizures.
在本研究中，对97只患有中枢神经系统（CNS）炎性/感染性疾病的犬只的病历进行了回顾性检查，其中26只犬有癫痫发作史。本研究的目的是分析癫痫发作的发生率，寻找识别特定炎性疾病的标准，并确定脑电图在早期确诊脑炎及与脑炎相关的癫痫发作方面的有用程度。该犬群中癫痫发作的发生率为26.8%，原生动物脑炎犬的发生率最高。品种、病史、神经外和神经体征（包括定位）对特定诊断的贡献很小。令人惊讶的是，三分之二的犬出现了局灶性临床体征。有癫痫发作史的犬，局灶性或多灶性临床体征主要与前脑有关；无癫痫发作史的犬，则主要与脑干有关。脑脊液（CSF）分析有助于将脑炎与其他中枢神经系统疾病区分开来，并在大约一半的病例中区分某些情况。脑电图（EEG）在25只经组织病理学确诊疾病实体的受试犬中显示出两种不同模式，其特征为高电压、慢活动（HVSA）并叠加低电压、快活动（LVFA）。这些变化是一致的，有癫痫发作和无癫痫发作的犬之间，以及不同疾病实体之间均未发现显著差异（P>0.05）。然而，所有有癫痫发作的犬还伴有一种统一的阵发性脑电图活动，其特征为高电压（平均=106.3微伏）、快活动（平均=8.5赫兹）模式。此外，在本研究的几只犬中，尽管临床上癫痫发作表现为全身性，但这种模式呈局灶性分布。因此得出结论，脑电图可能是一种非常有用的诊断工具，有助于早期确诊脑炎，并区分潜在的癫痫发作病例和无癫痫发作的病例。
