Williamson S, Gossop M, Powis B, Griffiths P, Fountain J, Strang J
National Addiction Centre, The Maudsley, London, UK.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 1997 Mar 14;44(2-3):87-94. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(96)01324-5.
A sample of drug users (n = 158) were contacted and interviewed in non-clinical community settings about their use of Ecstasy, cocaine powder, and amphetamines and the adverse effects of these drugs. Subjects reported a wide range of adverse effects including anxiety problems, depression, mood swings, feelings of paranoia, and panic attacks. Sleep and appetite disturbances were the most commonly reported problems. About half of all subjects reported depression and paranoid feelings associated with their stimulant use. Many of those reporting problems stated that these were mild. However, for all drugs, a substantial minority of users reported adverse effects which they rated as 'severe'. Between 30 and 55% of the sample reported having had at least one 'severe' adverse effect (30% cocaine, 35% Ecstasy and 55% amphetamine). There were clear differences between the different drugs in the likelihood and reported severity of adverse effects. Amphetamine use was associated with significantly more adverse effects and with more severe adverse effects than Ecstasy or cocaine. Cocaine powder was associated with the least severe adverse effects. A common pattern of drug use involved the use of depressant drugs such as opiates and benzodiazepines in addition to stimulants. The stimulant and depressant users were more likely than the stimulants-only users to use stimulants by injection and more likely to report adverse effects associated with stimulant use. The stimulant and depressant users were also more likely to have been treated for a drug problem. Approximately a quarter of the sample stated that they had stopped using stimulants up to the point of interview as a result of their bad experiences.
我们联系了158名吸毒者样本，并在非临床社区环境中就他们使用摇头丸、可卡因粉末和安非他命的情况以及这些药物的不良反应进行了访谈。受试者报告了广泛的不良反应，包括焦虑问题、抑郁、情绪波动、偏执感和惊恐发作。睡眠和食欲紊乱是最常报告的问题。所有受试者中约有一半报告了与使用兴奋剂相关的抑郁和偏执感。许多报告有问题的人表示这些问题很轻微。然而，对于所有药物，相当少数的使用者报告了他们认为“严重”的不良反应。30%至55%的样本报告至少有过一次“严重”不良反应（30%为可卡因，35%为摇头丸，55%为安非他命）。不同药物在不良反应的可能性和报告的严重程度方面存在明显差异。与摇头丸或可卡因相比，使用安非他命与明显更多的不良反应以及更严重的不良反应相关。可卡因粉末与最不严重的不良反应相关。一种常见的吸毒模式是除了使用兴奋剂外，还使用阿片类药物和苯二氮䓬类等抑制药物。同时使用兴奋剂和抑制药物的人比仅使用兴奋剂的人更有可能通过注射使用兴奋剂，并且更有可能报告与使用兴奋剂相关的不良反应。同时使用兴奋剂和抑制药物的人也更有可能因药物问题接受过治疗。大约四分之一的样本表示，由于他们的不良经历，在接受访谈时他们已经停止使用兴奋剂。
