International perspectives on ethics in critical care.

Differences in culture, resources, demand, level of development, and cultural and religious differences may alter ethical approaches around the world. The principles of medical ethics are beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, disclosure of information, and social justice. Difficult decisions as to whom to admit and whom to exclude are faced by physicians internationally. Differences between countries are seen in the withdrawal and withholding of treatments and in the obtaining of informed consent in emergency circumstances.