Hage J J, Becking A G, de Graaf F H, Tuinzing D B
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Academisch Ziekenhuis Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997 Jun;99(7):1799-807. doi: 10.1097/00006534-199706000-00001.
While aesthetic facial surgery performed for reasons of undesired facial masculinity or femininity has had some attention in the literature, there is a lack of information on gender-confirming facial surgery as part of an overall surgical sex reassignment program. In this paper we try to capture some of the sex differences, respectively, of skeleton, musculature and other subcutaneous soft tissues, integument and frame of the face. From this, we come to a description of some general differences of facial appearance between the sexes. In restructuring the skeletal architecture and facial proportions to match the desired gender, these factors should be taken into account.
虽然因面部男性化或女性化特征不理想而进行的美容面部手术在文献中受到了一些关注，但作为整体手术性别重置计划一部分的性别确认面部手术方面的信息却很匮乏。在本文中，我们试图分别捕捉面部骨骼、肌肉组织及其他皮下软组织、皮肤和面部轮廓的一些性别差异。据此，我们对男女面部外观的一些总体差异进行了描述。在重塑骨骼结构和面部比例以匹配期望性别的过程中，应考虑这些因素。
